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Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the areas of the brain that control the autonomic nervous system?

A

-hypothalamus
-pons
-medulla
-midbrain (not as much)

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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3
Q

Which of the two divisions of the ANS is typically active at rest?

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

Characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system:

A

-fight or flight
-can selectively activate effectors of elicit a mass discharge
-noradrenergic/adrenergic

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5
Q

Characteristics of parasympathetic nervous system:

A

-rest and digest
-control mechanisms are almost always specific, activating or inhibiting discrete targets
-cholinergic (ACH)

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6
Q

Where are parasympathetic neurons found exiting and entering the spinal cord?

A

craniosacral regions

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7
Q

Where are sympathetic neurons found exiting and entering the spinal cord?

A

thoracolumbar

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8
Q

Are organs typically innervated by both the parasympathetic or sympathetic, or just one division?

A

typically both b

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9
Q

What are ganglia?

A

group of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

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10
Q

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?

A

III, VII, IX, and X

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11
Q

What is releases at every preganglionic terminal?

A

ACH

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12
Q

What type of receptors does ACH bind to?

A

nicotinic receptors

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13
Q

What type of response does the release of ACH cause in the postganglionic neuron?

A

EPSP

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14
Q

Where do the sympathetic neurons synapse?

A

-synapse at the ganglia at the level it leaves the spinal cord
-move up or down and synapse at a different ganglia
-pass through the chain and out a sympathetic nerve and synapse at a peripheral ganglia

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15
Q

exception to the synapsing rules:

A

sympathetics in the adrenal medulla

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16
Q

What is released from most sympathetic postganglionic nerves?:

A

NE (norepinephrine )

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17
Q

What are two of the exceptions to the rule that all post ganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine?

A

-ACH releases at sweat glands
-ACH released at some skeletal muscle vasculature

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18
Q

Where does the ACH bind to on the effector?

A

alpha or beta receptors

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19
Q

What special type of cell is present in the adrenal medulla that released epinephrine/norepinephrine right in to the blood stream?

A

chromaffin cells

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20
Q

How can the adrenal medulla release epinephrine straight into the blood stream?

A

because it has a special enzyme that turns norepinephrine into epinephrine

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21
Q

Do alpha or beta receptors have a higher affinity for catecholamines?

A

beta receptors

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22
Q

What do alpha 1 receptors do?

A

constrict smooth muscle
-increase in IP3
-causes a release in extra calcium

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23
Q

What do alpha 2 receptors cause?

A

block further norepinephrine release
-cause muscle contraction

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24
Q

What has a higher affinity for beta 1 receptors, Epi or NE?

A

almost equal

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25
Q

What has a higher affinity for beta 2 receptors, Epi or NE?

A

epi has a MUCH greater affinity than NE

26
Q

What has a higher affinity for beta 3 receptors, Epi or NE?

A

NE has a slightly higher affinity than epi

27
Q

Why is EPI given if you are having an allergic reaction?

A

has a high affinity for beta 2 receptors which are responsible for dilating airways

28
Q

What do beta 1 receptors do?

A

increase heart rate and contractability, increase lipolysis, increase renin secretion, and increase protein content in saliva

29
Q

What do beta 2 receptors do?

A

relax smooth muscle, release FA and glucose
-relax smooth muscles
-increase glycogenolysis

30
Q

where are beta 3 receptors found?

A

found in adipose tissue
-increase lipolysis

31
Q

Where are alpha 1 receptors located?

A

effector tissues, smooth muscles, glands

32
Q

Where are alpha 2 receptors located?

A

nerve endings, some smooth muscle

33
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors located?

A

cardiac muscle, juxtaglomerular apparatus

34
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors located?

A

smooth muscle, liver, and heart

35
Q

Why is epinephrine added to local anesthetics?

A

causes vasoconstriction via alpha 1 receptors
-does not allow local anesthetic to diffuse as far and allows for more pain suppression in the are it is injected

36
Q

How does albuterol work?

A

it is a beta 2 selective agonist and cause bronchodilation

37
Q

How can NE be removed from the synapse?

A

-diffusion from synaptic cleft
-reuptake by presynaptic terminal
-destruction by MOA or COMT

38
Q

What does cocaine do to the NE at the synapse?

A

blocks the reuptake by the presynaptic terminal

39
Q

What are MOA inhibitors used for?

A

treat parkinsons, depression, social anxiety, and others

40
Q

What are some side effects of MAO inhibitors?

A

xerostomia and nausea

41
Q

Are preganglionic neurons longer in sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

42
Q

What NT is released from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

ACH

43
Q

What receptors does ACH bind to?

A

nicotinic

44
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

45
Q

What do muscarinic receptors do ?

A

constrict smooth muscles, relax sphincters, and stimulate glandular secretions
D-digestion
U- urination
M- miosis
B-bronchoconstriction and bradycardia
L- lacrimation
S- salivation

46
Q

Where are M1 receptors?

A

stomach and salivary glands

47
Q

Where are M2 receptors?

A

smooth muscle, myocardium, cardiac autorhythmic cells

48
Q

Where are M3 receptors?

A

exocrine glands, smooth muscle, endometrium, sweat glands

49
Q

Where are M4 receptors?

A

CNS and vagal nerve

50
Q

Where are M5 receptors?

A

CNS

51
Q

What do anticholinergic drugs do?

A

block ACH from binding to the receptors and activating them

52
Q

What does the M2 receptor do in urination and the GI tract?

A

relax sphincter

53
Q

What does the M3 receptor do in urination and the GI tract ?

A

constrict detrusor in bladder and constrict muscles in GI

54
Q

What does alpha1 do in urination and the GI tract?

A

constrict sphinter

55
Q

What does beta 2 in urination and GI tract ?

A

relax detrusor and muscles in the GI

56
Q

What do M1 and M3 receptors do in the salivary glands

A

stimulate lots of watery secretions due to contraction of myoepithelial cells and vasodilation

57
Q

What do alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors do in the salivary glands?

A

vasoconstriction and secretion of concentrated saliva and stimulate secretion of protein

58
Q

What does meth do?

A

acts on alpha adrenergic receptors and cause vasoconstriction and reduce salivary flow, depriving the oral cavity of saliva’s buffering activty

59
Q

What controls the diameter of vascular smooth muscle/blood vessels?

A

sympathetic nervous system
-alpha 1 causes vasoconstriction
-beta 2 causes vasodilation

60
Q

What receptors act on the heart?

A

PNS
-M2
SNS
-B1 and B2 `

61
Q

What receptors act on the lungs?

A

PNS
-M3
SNS
-B2

Physiology (15 decks)

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