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anatomy & physiology ii > Unit I > Flashcards

Unit I Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood and blood producing tissue

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1
Q

Blood is a _____ tissue?

A

Connective

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2
Q

How does bloods connective tissue differ from others?

A

It’s matrix (plasma) is fluid, lacking fibers, not produced by tissue’s cells

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3
Q

How many liters of blood does the average adult have?

A

4-6 Liters

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4
Q

Formed elements (cells and cell fragments) are what percent of blood composition?

A

45%

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5
Q

What are red blood cells (RBC) aka?

A

Erythrocytes

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6
Q

What do erythrocytes (RBC) do?

A

Transport oxygen gas

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7
Q

What are white blood cells (WBC) aka?

A

Leukocytes

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8
Q

What do leukocytes (WBC) do?

A

Protect against infection

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9
Q

What are platelets aka?

A

Thrombocytes

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10
Q

What do platelets (aka thrombocytes do)?

A

Cell fragments that prevent blood loss following injury to vessel

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11
Q

What is the production of blood cells called?

A

Hematopoiesis

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12
Q

Cells are produced in ____ ______ ______ from ______________ ______ _______

A

red bone marrow; hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

Plasma = fluid component is what percent of blood composition?

A

55%

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14
Q

What is is called when something separates cellular and fluid components?

A

Centrifuging

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15
Q

Plasma composition rankings

A

Water 92%, plasma proteins 7%, other solutes 1%

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16
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumins (main osmotic pressure), Globulins (antibodies, transport), Fibrinogen (coagulation - blood clot formation)

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17
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

transport oxygen in RBC

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18
Q

RBC shape and info

A

biconcave disk shape, smooth and flexible, no nucleus at maturity (amitotic), 5.2 million/mm^3

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19
Q

Anemia

A

any condition in which ability of the blood to transport oxygen gas is diminished

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20
Q

Hemoglobin Terms

A

Oxyhemoglobin - bright red - binds to oxygen (ex. poking yourself)
Deoxyhemoglobin - dark red - releases oxygen (ex. going to a lab and seeing tubes of blood)

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21
Q

Structure of hemoglobin

A

4 polypeptides total
-> 2 are alpha chains
-> 2 are beta chains
4 heme groups containing iron (ringed molecule)

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22
Q

RBC Life Cycle

A

-Low blood oxygen stimulates liver and kidneys to secrete erythropoietin which targets red bone marrow and promotes erythropoiesis (making RBC)
-Damaged or worn RBC are destroyed and pass through spleen and liver after 120 days
-Macrophages phagocytize remains

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23
Q

RBC Surface Antigens

A

genetically determined cell surface recognition molecules that can cause an immune response to individuals lacking those antigens

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24
Q

Antibodies

A

plasma proteins from B- cells that can bind to foreign antigens

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25
Q

Agglutination

A

insoluble clump of antibodies bound to antigens on RBC surfaces

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26
Q

ABO blood typing

A

has antigens A and B and antibodies anti-A and anti-B

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27
Q

Rh blood typing

A

Antigen D and antibody anti-D

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28
Q

What is the rule for receiving blood?

A

A person cannot receive cells that have antigens to which his/her antibodies can bind

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29
Q

White Blood Cells info

A

nucleate cells that protect body against infection, 7000/mm^3, may live for many years, function primarily outside of cardiovascular system/blood vessels -> margination, emigration, positive chemotaxis

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30
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils (most common), Eosinophils, Basophils (rarest)

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31
Q

Neutrophil

A

round cell, nucleus may resemble string of beads

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32
Q

Eosinophil

A

round cell, nucleus generally has two lobes, cytoplasm contains large granules that stain bright red, increases with infections

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33
Q

Basophil

A

round cell, nucleus generally cannot be seen - enters damaged tissues and promotes inflammation

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34
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocyte, lymphocyte

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35
Q

Monocyte

A

very large cell, nucleus is kidney bean shaped, become macrophages

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36
Q

Lymphocytes

A

round nucleus, very little cytoplasm

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37
Q

What is RhoGAM used for?

A

-Women who are 28 weeks and within 72 hrs of delivery who have the potential to be Rh sensitized
-consists of synthetic anti-D antibodies that bind to fetal blood cells that have entered mom’s system and prevent mom’s WBC from encountering them

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38
Q

Platelets info

A

small fragments of megakaryocytes, live 10 days on average, 350,000/mm^3, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and coagulation, stick to broken or punctured blood vessels forming a platelet plug (temporarily stops blood)

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39
Q

Heart Structure

A

Fist-sized organ in mediastinum of thoracic cavity, wall has three layers , surrounded by pericardial sac containing serous fluid filled pericardial cavity

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40
Q

Walls of heart

A

-Endocardium - endothelium - innermost
-Myocardium - cardiac muscle
-Epicardium - visceral pericardium - outermost

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41
Q

Heart Structure (continued)

A

-Top is base, bottom is apex
-Four chambers pump blood
-Sulci mark borders between chambers on heart surface
– anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
– coronary sulcus

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42
Q

Atria (Heart Chamber)

A

separated by the interatrial septum and lined with branching muscle bands called pectinate muscle

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43
Q

Right atrium (in and out)

A

-Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae
-pumps blood to the right ventricle

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44
Q

Left atrium (in and out)

A

-Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
-Pumps blood to left ventricle

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45
Q

Ventricles

A

separated by the interventricular septum and lined with interconnecting muscle bands called trabeculae carneae

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46
Q

Right ventricle (in and out)

A

-Receives blood from right atrium
-Pumps blood to pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

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47
Q

Left ventricle (in and out)

A

-Receives blood from the left atrium
-Pumps blood to aorta

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48
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Lie between atrium and ventricle on each side of heart, attached to papillary muscles, tricuspid and bicuspid

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49
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic - between left ventricle and aorta

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50
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

events that accompany the production of a heartbeat

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51
Q

Systole

A

Chamber contraction

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52
Q

Diastole

A

Chamber relaxation

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53
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

-Recording of electrical activity that accompanies cardiac cycling

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54
Q

ECG Events

A

-> P Wave = atrial depolarization
-> QRS Complex = ventricular depolarization
-> T Wave = ventricular repolarization

55
Q

Normal range of resting heart rates

A

60-100 BPM

56
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate

57
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate

58
Q

Control of Cardiac Cycling (Extrinsic) - Endocrine info

A

-Endocrine System - adrenal medulla hormones increase heart rate and contraction strength – epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted

59
Q

Control of Cardiac Cycling (Extrinsic) - Autonomic nervous system info

A

-nerve fibers from cardiac centers connect with nodes
-Two ANS components
–> sympathetic fibers (fight or flight) - speed heart up
–> parasympathetic fibers (rest and digest) - slow heart down

60
Q

Names of blood vessels

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins

61
Q

Blood Vessel Wall (arteries, larger arterioles, veins)

A

-Tunica intima: endothelium and smooth surface
-Tunica media: smooth muscle tissue layer allows for contraction (vasoconstriction) and relaxation (vasodilation)
-Tunica externa: elastic connective, dense, allows for strength and stretchy

62
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart, blood flow is due to ventricular contraction

63
Q

Arterioles

A

range from just visible to naked eye to microscopic, carry blood to capillaries

64
Q

Capillaries

A

wall is endothelium, may be continuous or fenestrated, occur in networks called capillary beds, have precapillary sphincters, exchanges occur as result to filtration diffusion and osmosis

65
Q

Venule

A

microscopic vessels leading to veins

66
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to heart, blood flow is due to skeletal muscle contraction and vasoconstriction, function as blood reservoirs

67
Q

Blood Pressure

A

pressure of blood on artery wall oscillates with ventricular systole/diastole

68
Q

Systolic pressure

A

maximum pressure during ventricular systole

69
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

minimum pressure during ventricular diastole

70
Q

Pulse

A

distention and recoil of arteries

71
Q

Hypertension

A

cause of chronic high BP

72
Q

common causes of chronic high BP

A

-increased heart action - stroke volume and cardiac output
-increased peripheral resistance - vasoconstriction and vasodilation, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis
-excess blood volume
-increased blood viscosity

73
Q

atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of arteries

74
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

75
Q

Control of BP

A

-Cardiac control center –> regulates BP by adjusting cardiac output
-Vasomotor control center –> in the medulla oblongata, regulates by adjusting peripheral resistance, sends sympathetic impulses causing tonic contraction, increasing rate causes constriction and decreasing causes dilation

76
Q

Circuits of blood flow

A

Pulmonary and systemic

77
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

transports blood from heart to the lungs and back to heart
-right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium

78
Q

Systemic circuit

A

transports blood from the heart to the body tissues back to the heart
-left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic capillaries, superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium

79
Q

Coronary circulation

A

component of systemic circuit that supplies heart with blood
-left ventricle, aorta, right and left coronary arteries, anterior and posterior interventricular arteries, capillaries, cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium

80
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

-blockage of coronary arterial circulation

81
Q

Coronary artery disease causes

A

-plaque deposition in arterial wall (makes lumen smaller)
-thrombus - blood clot in vessel
-embolus - mobile blood clost, fatty mass, or air bubble blocks blood vessel

82
Q

Oxygen depletion can result in

A

-angina pectoris - chest pain
-myocardial infraction - heart attack

83
Q

Hepatic (liver) Circulation

A

component of the systemic circuit that supplies the liver with blood

84
Q

hepatic circulation inputs

A

-left ventricle, aorta, hepatic artery, hepatic capillaries
-left ventricle, aorta, splenic and mesenteric arteries, capillaries of the spleen and small intestine, hepatic portal vein, hepatic capillaries

85
Q

hepatic circulation output

A

hepatic vein (carries nutrients), inferior vena cava, right atrium

86
Q

Fetal Circulation info

A

fetus receives O2 across placenta and does not need as much blood through pulmonary circuit
five main differences

87
Q

Fetal circulatory adaptations

A

umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, umbilical arteries

88
Q

Umbilical vein location and function (fetal)

A

umbilical cord
transport oxygenated blood into the fetus

89
Q

Ductus venosus location and function (fetal)

A

liver
bypass liver capillaries - shortcut

90
Q

Foramen ovale location and function (fetal)

A

interatrial septum
bypass pulmonary circuit-send to left atrium

91
Q

Ductus arteriosus location and function (fetal)

A

between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
bypass pulmonary circuit - goes to aorta

92
Q

Umbilical arteries location and function (fetal)

A

umbilical cord
transport deoxygenated blood to placenta

93
Q

Pathway for blood entering fetus

A

placenta - umbilical vein, ductus venosus, inferior vena cava, right atrium

94
Q

Pathway for blood leaving fetus

A

aorta, common iliac arteries, internal iliac arteries, umbilical arteries (2), placenta

95
Q

Lymphatic system major organs

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

96
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

return tissue fluid to the blood
absorb and transport lipids
protect against disease

97
Q

Body fluids (plasma)

A

fluid component of blood, leaks out of capillaries, becomes interstitial fluid

98
Q

body fluids (interstitial or tissue fluids)

A

surrounds cells
similar to plasma but lacks large plasma proteins
enters lymphatic capillaries due to pressure, becomes lymph

99
Q

body fluids (lymph)

A

flows in lymphatic vessels
returns water and solutes to blood
delivers pathogens to lymph nodes

100
Q

—- separates the two atria; lined with branching muscle bands called —–

A

interatrial septum; pectinate

101
Q

—- separates the two ventricles; lined with interconnecting muscle bands called —-

A

interventricular septum; trabeculae carnae

102
Q

Right atrium receives what kind of blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae

A

deoxygenated

103
Q

left atrium receives what kind of blood from the 4 pulmonary veins

A

oxygenated

104
Q

cardiac cycle duration

A

0.8 seconds, rate = 75 bpm

105
Q

SA node

A

upper right corner of atrium
pacemaker producing 75 impulses/minute
impulses cross atria and cause atrial systole

106
Q

AV Node

A

base of interatrial septum
receives impulses from SA node and transmits new impulses down interventricular septum

107
Q

AV bundle and bundle branches

A

transmit impulses down interventricular septum to apex

108
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

transmit impulses up walls causing ventricular systole

109
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias

A

abnormal ECG patterns or intervals can indicate damage to the CCS

110
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

endothelium is a complete lining - permits diffusion of water, other materials into surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent loss of blood cells and plasma proteins

111
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, etc.

112
Q

Excess blood volume means

A

greater pressure

113
Q

Universal recipent ABO type

A

AB

114
Q

Universal donor ABO typing

A

O

115
Q

Rh factor present on A surface means it is

A

A+

116
Q

Rh factor not on A surface means it is

A

A-

117
Q

Rh factor not on B surface means it is

A

B-

118
Q

Rh factor present on B surface means it is

A

B+

119
Q

AB factor Rh present

A

AB+

120
Q

Rh factor present on O means it is

A

O+

121
Q

Rh factor not present on AB means it is

A

AB-

122
Q

Rh factor not present on O means it is

A

O-

123
Q

those with AB blood have what on surface and what for antibodies

A

have antigens A and B
no antibodies

124
Q

those with O blood have what on surface and what for antibodies

A

no antigens
A and B antibodies

125
Q

If you’re positive for Rh can you receive blood from positive and negative?

A

yes

126
Q

If youre negative Rh - then what can you receive

A

only negative blood

127
Q

What does lymphatic circulation consist of?

A

lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunks, and ducts

128
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

closed ended, walls of overlapping endothelial cells, intermesh with capillary beds

129
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

structurally similar to veins and have valves, larger vessels have lymph nodes

130
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

named for body region that they drain

131
Q

Lymphatic ducts (2 kinds)

A

Thoracic: empties into left subclavian vein
Right lymphatic: empties into right subclavian vein

132
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

one inch long, oval structures of reticular connective
-structures: lymph flow, subcapsular space contains macrophages and dendritic cells, B cells, medullary sinus contains b cells
-functions: remove harmful substances from lymph, immune surveillance

133
Q

Thymus

A

-bilobed structure in mediastinum
-divided into lobules that contain lymphocytes
-some lymphocytes mature into T cells which leave the thymus
-secretes thymosin hormones to stimulate T cell maturation
-reaches maximum size near puberty and then decreases with age (involution)

134
Q

Spleen

A

Upper left part of abdominal cavity
-divided into lobules
—-white pulp = splenic nodules containing lymphocytes
—-red pulp = venous sinuses containing RBC
functions - remove RBC from circulation, filter blood, immune surveillance

anatomy & physiology ii (13 decks)

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