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anatomy & physiology ii > Unit III > Flashcards

Unit III Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System
functions

A

MAIN-produce urine and perform functions
-adjusting blood volume and pressure
-regulating blood plasma concentrations
-stabilizing blood pH
-conserving valuable nutrients by preventing their loss in urine
-removing drugs and toxins from bloodstream

–accomplish all these functions by producing urine

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2
Q

What do you have to break through to get to the kidneys?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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3
Q

What is the outermost layer of kidneys called?

A

Fibrous/renal capsule

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4
Q

Process of urine leaving kidney

A

Leaves through hilum –> ureter –> urinary bladder

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5
Q

Renal corpuscle
glomerulus - what does it contain

A

Glomerulus: knot of capillaries with fenestrae
-afferent arteriole (takes blood in)
-efferent arteriole (takes blood out)

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6
Q

Renal Corpuscle
glomerular capsule - what does it contain

A

Glomerular capsule: two layers of epithelium
-visceral: in contact, layer of podocytes
-parietal: layer of simple squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Renal tubule
what is it

A

surrounded by peritubular capillaries

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8
Q

_______ _______ is top half; _____ _______ is bottom half

A

Renal cortex; renal medulla

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9
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is ____ ______ + ______ ______

A

Juxtaglomerular cells; macula densa

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10
Q

Where is the juxtraglomerular apparatus located?

A

Next to afferent arteriole (branches off it)

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11
Q

Renal sinus

A

an internal cavity within the kidney

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12
Q

Renal pelvis

A

large, funnel shaped chamber that collects urine from major calyces

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13
Q

Major calyces

A

fusion of 4-5 minor calyces

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14
Q

Minor calyces

A

at tips of pyramid - collect urine produced by single kidney lobe

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15
Q

Renal medulla

A

extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus and contains 6-18 pyramids

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16
Q

Renal columns

A

band of granular tissue that separates adjacent pyramids

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17
Q

Renal cortex

A

superficial region of the kidney; in contact with fibrous capsules

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18
Q

Types of Nephrons

A

Cortical Nephrons 80% - primarily in renal cortex
Juxtamedullary Nephrons 20%

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19
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons Info

A

-Corpuscles are low in the cortex/columns
-nephron loops are long, in the medulla, and surrounded by vasa recta capillaries
-function in water conservation (urine concentration)!!

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20
Q

Pathway for blood flow into kidneys

A

abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery

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21
Q

Blood vessels associated in the nephron (blood flow in nephron)

A

afferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephrons)

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22
Q

Pathway for blood flow leaving kidneys

A

cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava

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23
Q

Tubular Reabsorption of Electrolytes and Water
what is reabsorbed by active transport?
what is attracted to what?
as concentration of ions (solute) increases in plasma…?
water moves from ____ ____ to capillary by ____?

A

-sodium ions
-negatively charged ions attracted to positively charged ions
-osmotic pressure increases
-proximal tubule; osmosis

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24
Q

How much urine do you typically make a day?
How much do you get rid of?
What happens to the rest?

A

180L a day
get rid of 0.6-2.5L a day
most urine is reabsorbed

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25
Q

The descending limb (three things)
what does it do

A

-permeable to water
-impermeable to solutes
-solute concentration increases

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26
Q

The ascending limb (three things)
what does it do

A

-impermeable to water
-selectively permeable to Na+ and Cl-
-solute concentration decreases

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27
Q

Metabolites and Nutrients (glucose, lipids, proteins) in blood plasma and urine

A

higher levels in blood plasma as you want to keep those nutrients
-tubular reabsorption occurs

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28
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia) in blood plasma and urine

A

higher levels in urine as you want to get rid of those wastes

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29
Q

Increased urine volume = ?
what kind of urine concentration
what happens to blood and blood volume

A

decreased urine concentration
decreased blood volume and pressure

30
Q

Decreased urine volume ?
what kind of urine concentration
what happens to blood and blood volume

A

increased urine concentration
increased blood volume and pressure

31
Q

If your BP is too high ?

A

body needs to make more urine

32
Q

If your BP is too low ?

A

drink more fluids

33
Q

Autoregulation for BP

A

homeostasis disturbed = dilation of afferent arterioles, contraction of mesangial cells, constriction of efferent arterioles

34
Q

blood concentrations decrease due to _______ and increase due to _____ and _______

A

tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion; concentration

35
Q

Central regulation

A

juxtaglomerular complex increases production of renin - renin activates angiotensin I which is then activated to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the capillaries of the lungs
–angiotensin II triggers aldosterone and increases Na+ retention, and triggers neural responses (increased stimulation of thirst and ADH production)
—all increase blood volume and pressure

36
Q

Angiotensinogen slide

A

liver produces angiotensinogen , kidney releases renin, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then converted to angiotensinogen II by angiotensinogen converting enzyme (ACE) that is produced in lungs
–causes vasoconstriction, increased aldosterone secretion, increased thirst, increased ADH secretion

37
Q

Dialysis
def

A

-procedure used to adjust composition of blood when number of functioning nephrons is too few to keep up (kidney failure)

38
Q

what are the two main causes of kidney failure?

A

diabetes and hypertension

39
Q

hemodialysis
what does it use
def
average of how often

A

-uses artificial kidney
-wastes and excess ions from the blood cross a dialysis membrane into a dialysis solution
-average 3 times a week/ 3-4 hours per session

40
Q

Peritoneal dialysis
def
solution being replaced?

A

-dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity and peritoneal membranes serve as the dialysis membrane
-dialysis solution is periodically replaced
-person does this at home

41
Q

Elimination urine pathway

A

Nephron -> collecting duct -> renal papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra (carries out)

42
Q

Ureters
what kind of epithelium
how does urine move to urinary bladder
one way valve?

A

2 ureters
transitional epithelium
-muscularis produces peristaltic contractions that move urine to urinary bladder
-one way valve occurs at ureter-urinary bladder junction

43
Q

Urinary Bladder
function
what kind of epithelium
what is muscularis is called ?

A

-urine storage and elimination
-transitional epithelium
-muscularis is called the detrusor muscle

44
Q

Urethra
transports?
sphincters?

A

-transports urine in males and females
-transports semen in males
-internal and external urethral sphincters control movement of urine
—-stratified squamous epithelium

45
Q

______ muscle contracts _________ urine _________ pressure

A

detrusor; increasing; hydrostatic

46
Q

_______ from the brain cause _________ of the _________ urethral ____________
internal = _______ control

A

impulses; relaxation; internal; sphincter
involuntary

47
Q

________ urethral sphincter _________
external = ______ control

A

external; relaxes
voluntary

48
Q

Types of hormones

A
  1. steroid
  2. prostaglandins (local hormones)
  3. nonsteroid (proteins, peptides, amino acid deriatives)
49
Q

steroid hormones (2 things)

A

-synthesized from cholesterol
-lipid soluble

50
Q

prostaglandins (local hormones) - 3 things

A

-synthesized from fatty acid
-lipid soluble
-diffuse through tissue fluid to neighboring cells

51
Q

nonsteroid (2 things)

A

synthesized from amino acids
most are water soluble

52
Q

Modes of hormone action

A
  1. steroid and thyroid
  2. protein and polypeptide
53
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones info
can they cross?
where is hormone receptor
what does it promote
what is held responsible

A

-cross plasma membrane
-hormone receptor in cytoplasm and/or nucleus
-promore gene expression
-gene products responsible for hormone action

54
Q

Protein and polypeptide hormones info
where is hormone receptor
what activates
what serves as second messenger

A

-hormone receptor on cell membrane
-binding activates G protein
-Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium serves as second messenger that is responsible for hormone action

55
Q

Hypothalamus hormones
what do they target and what is action

A
  1. Releasing hormone targets anterior pituitary lobe, action = promotes anterior pituitary hormone secretion
  2. Release inhibiting hormone targets anterior pituitary lobe, action = inhibits anterior pituitary hormone secretion
56
Q

what hormones are made from anterior pituitary gland

A

growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing Hormone (LH)

57
Q

growth hormone
targets
action

A

various targets
promotes growth through cell division, cell growth, and bone lengthening

58
Q

prolactin
targets
action

A

mammary glands
promotes milk production (anterior pituitary)

59
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone
targets
action

A

thyroid gland
stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

60
Q

adrenocorticotripic hormone
targets
action

A

adrenal cortexes
stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

61
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone
targets
action

A

gonads
promotes follicle development in females (estrogen and progesterone secretion) and sperm production in males

62
Q

Lutenizing hormone
targets
action

A

gonads
stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females (progesterone and estrogen secretion) and testosterone secretion in males

63
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

64
Q

antidiuretic hormone
targets
action

A

DCT, collecting ducts
promotes reabsorption of sodium and water

65
Q

oxytocin
targets
action

A

uterus, mammary glands
stimulates uterine contraction and milk release

66
Q

what hormones does the thyroid release

A

thyroid hormones
—-thyroxine and triiodothyronine
calcitonin

67
Q

thyroid hormones
targets
action

A

various
stimulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and protein synthesis
*regulated by TSH and negative feedback

68
Q

Calcitonin
targets
action

A

bones, nephrons
decreses blood calcium level

69
Q

Parathyroids secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

70
Q

Parathyroid hormone PTH
targets
action

A

bones, nephrons, small intestine
increase blood calcium level
*stimulates osteoclasts, tubular reabsorption)

anatomy & physiology ii (13 decks)

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