Unit I Review

Question 1

RBC Hemoglobin
what does it do

Answer 1

1/3 hemoglobin by volume
binds to oxygen gas

Question 2

What is the most common blood type

Answer 2

O

Question 3

What blood type is the universal recipient

Answer 3

AB

Question 4

What blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 4

O

Question 5

Rh+ frequency
who can they receive from

Answer 5

85%
can receive from negative and positive

Question 6

Rh- frequency
who can they receive from

Answer 6

15%
can receive from negative ONLY

Question 7

What does Rh+ mean

Answer 7

Have D antigen, no D antibodies

Question 8

What does Rh- mean

Answer 8

No antigen, have D antibodies

Question 9

Vascular Phase = ?
what does it do

Answer 9

Vascular spasm
stimulate smooth muscle contraction

Question 10

Platelet Phase = ?
what does it do

Answer 10

Platelet plug formation
platelets stick to collagen fibers, damaged blood vessel walls

Question 11

Coagulation = ?
intrinsic vs. extrinsic

Answer 11

Clot formation
intrinsic: caused by blood contact with damaged or foreign surface (ex. coagulation in test tube)
extrinsic: caused by chemicals released by broken blood vessels or damaged tissue

Question 12

Heart structure
where? layers? what surrounds? layers?

Answer 12

in thoracic cavity
layers: endocardium (deep), myocardium (cardiac muscle), epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
surrounded by pericardial sac
–visceral pericardium = epicardium
–parietal pericardium
–serous layer (deep)
–fibrous layer (superficial)

Question 13

Atria
muscle bands called?
which atria receives what kind of blood?

Answer 13

branching muscle bands called pectinate muscle
-right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava
-left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

Question 14

Ventricles
muscle bands called?
where do the ventricles pump blood to?

Answer 14

muscle bands called trabecular carneae
-right ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary trunk and arteries
-left ventricle pumps blood to aorta

Question 15

Atrioventricular Valves
where are they?
what are they attached to?
names of them and what side

Answer 15

Between atria and ventricles on both sides
papillary muscles
Tricuspid (right) and bicuspid (left)

Question 16

Semilunar valves
names?
where are they?

Answer 16

Pulmonary and aortic
-Pulmonary: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
-Aortic: between left ventricle and aorta

Question 17

Cardiac Cycle
what is it?
1st sound of heart beat does?
2nd sound of heart beat does?
duration?

Answer 17

Events that make a production of a heartbeat
-Atrioventricular valves shut - make lubb noise
-Semilunar valves shut - make dupp noise
-> 0.8 seconds = 75 bpm

Question 18

Cardiac Conducting System - Intrinsic
SA Node - location and function
AV Node - location and function
AV bundle and bundle branches - function
Purkinje fibers - function

Answer 18

-upper right corner of right atrium, cause atrial systole, “pacemaker”
-base of interatrial septum, transmit pules down interventriculr septum
-transmit pulses down interventricular septum to apex
-transmit pulses up walls to cause contraction

Question 19

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
what is it?
events?
what if it’s abnormal?

Answer 19

-recording of electrical activity
-P wave = atrial depolarization, QRS Complex = ventricular depolarization, T Wave = ventricular repolarization
-indicates damage to CCS (cardiac conducting system)

Question 20

Control of Cardiac Cycling - Extrinsic
what systems involved?
what do they do?

Answer 20

-Endocrine System and Autonomic Nervous System
-Endocrine system = hormones increase heart rate and contraction strength - secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Autonomic Nervous system = nerve fibers
–Symphathetic fibrs = fight or flight, speed heart up (volume knob)
–Parasymphathetic fibers = rest and digest, slow heart down (balance knob)

Question 21

Blood Vessels
Name them

Answer 21

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins

Question 22

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

Answer 22

Contraction
Dilation

Question 23

Capillaries
Wall is?
what are the types

Answer 23

-wall is endothelium
-continuous or fenestrated (leaky)

Question 24

Veins
blood flow due to?
function

Answer 24

-Skeletal muscle contraction and vasoconstriction
-function as blood reservoir

Question 25

Blood Pressure
what is it?
two types?
pulse?

Answer 25

-pressure of blood on artery wall
-systolic = max pressure, diastolic = min pressure
-distention and recoil of arteries

Question 26

Hypertension
causes

Answer 26

-increased heart action
-increased peripheral resistance
-atherosclerosis - narrowing of arteries
-arteriosclerosis - hardening of arteries
-excess blood volume

Question 27

Control of Blood Pressure
what centers?

Answer 27

-cardiac control center - adjust cardiac output
-vasomotor control center - send symphathetic impulses causing tonic contraction

Question 28

Circuits of Blood Flow - Pulmonary

Answer 28

-blood from heart to lung to heart again
-right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium

Question 29

Circuits of Blood Flow - Systemic

Answer 29

-blood from heart to body tissues to heart
-left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic capillaries, superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium

Question 30

Coronary Circulation

Answer 30

-supplies heart with blood
-left ventricle, aorta, right and left coronary arteries, interventricular septum, capillaries, cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium

Question 31

Coronary Artery Disease
causes?
what can they result in?

Answer 31

-plaque
-thrombus - blood clot in vessel
-embolus - fatty acid, mobile blood clot, etc. that blocks
-results in angina pectoris (chest pain) or myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 32

Hepatic Circulation
what does it do?
inputs
outputs

Answer 32

supplies liver with blood
-input: left ventricle, aorta, hepatic artery, hepatic capillaries
-input: left ventricle, aorta, splenic and mesenteric arteries, capillaries of the spleen and small intestine, hepatic portal vein, hepatic capillaries
-output: hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium

Question 33

Fetal Circulatory Adaptations
Name them

Answer 33

Umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, umbilical arteries

Question 34

Umbilical vein
location and function

Answer 34

umbilical cord
transport oxygenated blood to fetus

Question 35

Ductus venosus
location and function

Answer 35

liver
bypass liver capillaries

Question 36

Foramen ovale
location and function

Answer 36

interatrial septum
bypass pulmonary circuit

Question 37

Ductus arteriosus
location and function

Answer 37

between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
bypass pulmonary circuit - send to aorta

Question 38

Umbilical arteries
location and function

Answer 38

umbilical cord
transport deoxygenated blood to placenta

Question 39

Pathway for blood entering the fetus

Answer 39

Placenta, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, inferior vena cava, right atrium

Question 40

Pathway for blood leaving the fetus

Answer 40

aorta, common iliac arteries, internal iliac arteries, umbilical arteries, placenta

Question 41

Lymphatic System
Functions

Answer 41

return tissue to blood
absorb and transport lipids
protect against disease

Question 42

Lymph
what does it do

Answer 42

return water and solutes to blood

Question 43

Lymph Nodes
appearance?
what does it contain?
function?

Answer 43

-one inch long, oval structures
-contain B cells
-remove harmful substances

Question 44

Thymus
appearance
what does it do

Answer 44

-bilobed structure
-divided into lobules that contain lymphocytes
-some mature into T cells
-secrete thymosin hormone to stimulate production
-goes through involution

Question 45

Spleen
where is it?
appearance
functions

Answer 45

-upper left part of abdominal cavity
-divided into lobules
–white pulp: splenic nodules contain lymphocytes
–red pulp: venous sinuses contain RBC and macrophages
-remove RBCs from circulation, filter blood, immune surveillance