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ob 2 > Chapter 2 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic concept of ultrasound?

A

detect structures and measure distance

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2
Q

adjusts or amplifies the brightness of all of the pixels on the system monitor

A

overall gain

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3
Q

Is overall gain a pre or post processing function?

A

post

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4
Q

This control is used when the overall appearance of the image is too bright or too dark

A

overall gain

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5
Q

When adjusting the overall gain, a high setting introduces “noise” which decreases the _____ and _____ resolution.

A

contrast
spatial

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6
Q

As sound travels through tissue, there is a waveform amplitude reduction because of _______

A

attenuation

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7
Q

3 reasons for reduction in ultrasound energy through a tissue

A

absorption
scattering
reflection

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8
Q

Attenuation from lowest to highest .

A

water, fluid, fat, soft tissue, muscle, bone, and air

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9
Q

time gain compensation is also called

A

depth gain compensation

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10
Q

allows the adjustment of darker or brighter areas

A

TGC

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11
Q

the separation of structures perpendicular to the transmit beeam

A

lateral resolution

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12
Q

Lateral resolution is highest within ______

A

focal zone

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13
Q

If using multiple zones, you may see a decrease in _____

A

frame rate

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14
Q

The operating frequency relates directly to _______

A

thickness of the piezoelectric element

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15
Q

In ______ imaging, higher frequencies increase both aliasing and scatter artifacts

A

Doppler

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16
Q

allows adjustment of the amount of anatomy displayed in the image

A

image depth

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17
Q

the number of lines used in an image

A

line density

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18
Q

Narrowing sector width _____ frame rate

A

increases

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19
Q

Narrowing sector width, _____ lateral resolution

A

increases

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20
Q

the range of grays displayed in the B-mode image, M-mode tracing, or spectral Doppler tracing

A

Dynamic range

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21
Q

tint overlay to increase structure visualization

A

tint/colorize

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22
Q

temporal averaging of multiple sequential ultrasound images or frames

A

persistence/frame averaging

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23
Q

determines the number of frames used to create the final image

A

persistence

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24
Q

helps decrease the noise within an image because of the averaging of the data across multiple frames

A

persistence

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25
Q

What resolution decreases with persistence?

A

temporal

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26
Q

Increasing persistence, _____ frames

A

decreases

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27
Q

changes the gray assignment of each pixel based on the received ultrasound signal to increase image contrast

A

maps/curves

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28
Q

adjusts the brightness of the grays rather than the number of displayed shades

A

maps/curves

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29
Q

allows for manual adjustment of the acoustic output of the transducer per unit of time

A

transmit power

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30
Q

an indicator of the potential damage to tissue with the passing wave

A

mechanical index

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31
Q

displays the thermal index in bone

A

TIB

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32
Q

the soft-tissue thermal index

A

TIS

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33
Q

the cranial thermal index

A

TIC

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34
Q

allows the ultrasound system to use two signals to help create the image

A

tissue harmonic imaging

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35
Q

uses multiple, averaged transmit beams at different angles and frequencies to increase image detail

A

compound imaging

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36
Q

_____ angle of incidence creates the optimal reflection

A

90 degree

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37
Q

Compound imaging ______ axial, lateral, and contrast resolution.

A

increases

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38
Q

allows visualization of anatomy posterior to a strongly reflecting structure

A

compound imaging

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39
Q

provide a graphic display of structure in relation to time

A

M-mode (motion mode)

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40
Q

adjusts the scrolling speed or time of the M-mode

A

sweep speed

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41
Q

involves the addition of color over the grayscale ultrasound image to indicate movement

A

color flow imaging

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42
Q

The color above Color flow imaging bar represents:

A

color flow toward the transducer or positive Doppler shifts

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43
Q

The color below Color flow imaging bar represents:

A

flow away from the transducer or negative Doppler shifts

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44
Q

BART

A

blue away
red toward

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45
Q

The color white commonly represents:

A

increase in blood velocity

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46
Q

Darker colors represent:

A

slower velocities

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47
Q

green colors represent:

A

flow disturbances

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48
Q

Mixture of colors represents:

A

turbulence

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49
Q

ROI should have an angle of incidence of less than ____ degrees

A

60

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50
Q

Color shadings become darker as the angle of insonation approaches __ degrees

A

90

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51
Q

Optimal ROI

A

longer ROI

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52
Q

The wider the gate, the ____ scan lines are required.

A

more

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53
Q

Increasing or decreasing the scale adjust the ____.

A

PRF

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54
Q

allows adjustment of the displayed flow to accomodate the vessel flow type and to show true aliasing

A

PRF

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55
Q

adjusts the spatial averaging for flow between color frames

A

smooth

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56
Q

adjusts the range of flow velocities displayed above and below the baseline through the movement of the baseline up or down

A

baseline

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57
Q

to detect slow flow, _____ the persistence

A

increase

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58
Q

Increased persistence _____ temporal resistance

A

decreases

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59
Q

allows ability to select a processing curve that assigns the velocity or variance range with color Doppler

A

Maps

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60
Q

allow ability to display an image with more 2D information, a balance between color and gray scale, or prioritize the color

A

color priority

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61
Q

adjusts the amount of color or grayscale information each image pixel contains

A

color priority

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62
Q

reverses the color display

A

invert

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63
Q

calculates the amplitude within the ROI instead of the mean Doppler frequency shift

A

Power Doppler

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64
Q

The power Doppler scale calculation includes the ____, ____, and _____ of the signal

A

intensity
power
amplitude

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65
Q

hybrid of color and power Doppler imaging

A

directional color Doppler

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66
Q

displays both the power magnitude or amplitude of the power Doppler and the direction of the flow velocity using a small ROI

A

directional color Doppler

67
Q

the signal brightness indicates the magnitude of the flow power

A

directional color Doppler

68
Q

bright signals = ____ power

A

strong

69
Q

allows identification of the direction of blood flow and detect flow disturbances

A

quantitative Doppler

70
Q

allows measurement of the speed or velocity of the flow

A

Spectral doppler

71
Q

allows adjustment of the displayed velocity range on the spectral tracing

A

PRF/scale

72
Q

Lowering the scale allows for measurement of _____ flow

A

slower

73
Q

Optimal PRF

A

spectral tracing filling about 2/3 of the spectral window without the waveform touching the top or bottom

74
Q

controls the displayed amplitude as brightness of the spectral waveform

A

spectral gain

75
Q

moves the Doppler baseline up or down

A

baseline

76
Q

allows the display of the spectral waveform either above or below the baseline

A

invert

77
Q

allows adjustment of the amount of flow sampled while creating the spectral tracing

A

sample volume size

78
Q

allows placement of teh sample depth within the central vessel

A

range gate

79
Q

adjusts the spectral Doppler D-line

A

steer

80
Q

tells the equipment the position of teh vessel in relation to the sample volume and D-line

A

angle

81
Q

the optimal angle - __ degrees

A

0

82
Q

reduces the amount of noise and clutter by suppressing the lower level signals that are the result of tissue and vessel wall motion

A

filter/reject

83
Q

allows automatic measurements of the spectral Doppler waveform allowing for the simultaneous performance of multiple calculations

A

automatic waveform measurements

84
Q

The first step in obtaining a 3D image:

A

optimization of the 2D image

85
Q

90 degree angle of incidence a mirrorlike specular reflection

A

reflection

86
Q

larger reflector than the wavelength of the transmitted beam

A

specular reflector

87
Q

smaller reflector than the wavelength of the transmitted beam

A

nonspecular reflector

88
Q

artifact that occurs when a structure is a strong reflector; areas devoid of echoes located deep to the anatomy

A

posterior acoustic shadowing

89
Q

presence of two strongly reflecting structures along the beam path often results in the appearance of multiple, hyperechoic linear lines within the tissue

A

reverberation

90
Q

occurs if two different conditions are met: a non-perpendicular, or oblique angle of incidence, and a difference in propagation speeds between the two media

A

refraction

91
Q

a change in direction of the transmitted beam at the interface

A

refraction

92
Q

sound transmits into the tissue at the same angle with no change in direction at the interface

A

perpendicular incidence

93
Q

unequal propagation speeds, transmitted sound changes direction

A

oblique incidence

94
Q

If the propagation speed of the second medium is greater than 1540 m/s, the angle of the transmitted angle will be ______ than the incident angle.

A

greater

95
Q

The ultrasound system calculates the travel distance of the transmitted and received sound wave based on:

A

sent and return time of the waveform

96
Q

It takes __ us for sound to reach a depth of 1 cm.

A

13

97
Q

occurs when a structure lies between the transducer and a curved or angled strong reflector

A

mirror image

98
Q

the system places the echoes deep or lateral to the strong reflector, with an inverted appearance and shifts the artifact in the opposite direction from the original structure

A

mirror image artifact

99
Q

Extra beams, located adjacent to the central beam, create echoes in an incorrect location

A

grating lobes

100
Q

The appearance of a hazy artifact, because of anatomy laterally located outside of the beam

A

slice thickness or beam width artifact

101
Q

evaluation of a cystic structure results in the creation of an area deep into the targeted anatomy appearing brighter than adjacent tissue

A

posterior acoustic enhancement

102
Q

The display of either the spectral tracing or color image that exceeds the selected PRF or scale

A

aliasing

103
Q

the same axial or depth interaction of a vessel overlying a strong reflector

A

mirror artifact

104
Q

appearance of duplication of flow deep to the reflectors

A

mirror artifact

105
Q

extension of color outside of the vessel wall

A

color bleed/blooming

106
Q

vessels show flow reversal in both the color and spectral modes

A

color flow reversal

107
Q

movement of the transducer or targeted anatomy

A

color flash

108
Q

_____ and _____ increase or decrease the brightness of the entire B-mode image or tracing.

A

overall
spectral

109
Q

____ allows adjustment of image brightness changes caused by absorption of the ultrasound beam by tissue

A

TGC

110
Q

The _____ is the narrowest portion of the transmit beam and should be placed at or deep into the imaged anatomy.

A

focal zone

111
Q

______ in both 2D and color modes determines the temporal averaging of each pixel

A

persistence

112
Q

______ adjusts the acoustic output of the transducer

A

Transmit power

113
Q

_____ uses tissue-generated, received signals that are an even multiple of the transmit signal.

A

Tissue harmonics imaging

114
Q

______ uses multiple angles to reduce image artifacts, increase image detail, and visualize structures deep to anatomy and pathology.

A

Compound imaging

115
Q

_____ provides a graphic display of motion in the fetal heart

A

M-mode

116
Q

_____ adjusts the number of M-mode or spectral cycles to include in the tracings.

A

Sweep speed

117
Q

______ allows adjustment of the color pixels displayed within the ROI.

A

Color Doppler gain

118
Q

Both color and spectral Doppler require an angle of incidence between __ and __ degrees

A

0
60

119
Q

The reduction of Doppler aliasing is through adjustment of the _____ or the ______

A

PRF (scale)
baseline

120
Q

_______ uses amplitude to create a color overlay of blood flow.

A

color power Doppler

121
Q

Artifacts appearing parallel to the transmitted beam include:

A

reverberation
mirror
propagation speed
acoustic shadowing
enhancement

122
Q

Artifacts appearing lateral to the iamged anatomy and central beam

A

beam width
mirror image
slice thickness
grating/side lobe
refraction

123
Q

_____ is a Doppler artifact seen in both color and spectral modes.

A

Aliasing

124
Q

Overall gain adjusts or amplifies the _____ of all the pixels on the system monitor

A

brightness

125
Q

As sound travels through tissue, there is a waveform amplitude _____ because of attenuation.

A

reduction

126
Q

TGC allows the adjustment of image by changing areas to:

A

darker or brighter

127
Q

A single focal zone carat should be positioned:

A

at or just deep to the imaged structure

128
Q

The best B-mode image uses:
a. the lowest frequency that provides an adequate amount of penetration
b. high resolution with a high frame rate
c. the highest frequency that provides an adequate amount of penetration
d. low frequency without aliasing

A

c

129
Q

A higher dynamic ranged is best utilized with:
a. the uterus
b. ovarian varicosities
c. fetal heart imaging
d. the aorta

A

a

130
Q

Narrowing sector width _____ frame rate.

A

increases

131
Q

Low persistence improves resolution of:
a. ovarian masses
b. the fetal heart
c. breast masses
d. uterine masses

A

b

132
Q

The map feature adjusts ____ of the grays in an image.

A

brightness

133
Q

Which is not an indicator of thermal index?
a. TIB
b. TIC
c. TIS
d. TIA

A

d

134
Q

Tissue harmonic imaging offers improved image by decreasing all except:
a. side lobes
b. reverberation
c. speckle
d. contrast

A

d

135
Q

This feature uses multiple, averaged transmit beams at different angles and frequencies to increase image detail.

A

Compound imaging

136
Q

Sweep speed adjusts the M-mode scrolling speed or:

A

time

137
Q

Turbulent flow patterns are often associated with:
a. normal pathology
b. red coloring
c. pathologies
d. blue coloring

A

c

138
Q

The optimal angle to sample with color flow is:

A

30 to 60 degrees

139
Q

On a color bar indicator, the black area represents;

A

range of flow velocities displayed above and below the baseline

140
Q

What will aid in detecting slow vascular flow?
a. Pressing “maps” control
b. Decreasing persistence
c. increasing persistence
d. decreasing color priority

A

c

141
Q

This type of artifact occurs when a structure is a strong reflector, such as fetal bony structures, or when a tissue reflects most or all of the transmitted beam.

A

posterior acoustic shadowing

142
Q

Movement of the transducer or targeted anatomy results in an artifact called:

A

color flash

143
Q

Evaluation of a cystic structure results in the creation of an area deep into the targeted anatomy appearing:

A

brighter than the adjacent tissue

144
Q

“Slide pots” is another name for _____

A

potentiometer

145
Q

The control _____ is used when the overall appearance of the image is too bright or too dark.

A

overall gain

146
Q

Dynamic range or DR is simply the range of _____ displayed in the B-mode image.

A

grays

147
Q

Adding ____ or _____ to an image has the potential to increase structure visualization over black and white coloring.

A

tint
colorize

148
Q

Increasing persistence _____ the frame rate.

A

slows

149
Q

The mechanical index is an indicator of the _______ to tissue with the passing wave.

A

potential damage

150
Q

The M-mode or motion mode tracings provide a graphic display of structures in relation to _____.

A

time

151
Q

If color appears outside of the vessel when using color Doppler gain, it indicated a ____ gain level.

A

high

152
Q

Optimally, the ROI should be no larger than necessary because of the _____ frame rates often associated with a larger color box.

A

decreases

153
Q

From a frame rate perspective, it is better to have a ____ ROI than a ____ ROI.

A

long
wide

154
Q

Changing the “smooth” function adjusts the ______ averaging for flow between color frames.

A

spatial

155
Q

The ____ selection reverses the color display.

A

invert

156
Q

Power Doppler is an alternate method for assessing ____-flow velocities

A

low

157
Q

The _____ function reduces the amount of noise and clutter by suppressing the lower-level signals that are the result of tissue and vessel wall motion.

A

filter

158
Q

The first step in obtaining a quality 3D data set is the optimization of the ___ image.

A

2D

159
Q

Extra beams, located adjacent to the central beam, called ______ create echoes in an incorrect location.

A

grating/side lobes

160
Q

____-mode provides a graphic display of motion in the fetal heart

A

M

161
Q

An image produced with misregistration of sound waves occurs when a structure lies between the transducer and a curved or with an angled strong reflector. It is called _____ or _____.

A

mirror image
ghost image

162
Q

Color power Doppler uses amplitude to create a color _____ of blood flow.

A

overlay

163
Q

The reduction of Doppler aliasing is through adjustment of the _____ or baseline.

A

PRF

164
Q
A

ob 2 (17 decks)

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