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AP Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amphipathic

A

Of a molecule, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

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2
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

A synthetic reaction in which simple molecules are linked to form more complex ones; requires an input of energy and captures it in the chemical bonds that are formed.

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3
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion.

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4
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; also equals the number of electrons around the neutral atom. Determines the chemical properties of the atom.

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5
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of a chemical element. Consists of a nucleus and one or more electrons.

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6
Q

Bilayer

A

A structure that is two layers in thickness. In biology, most often refers to the phospholipid ____ of membranes

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7
Q

Bohr Model

A

A model for atomic structure that depicts the atom as largely empty space, with a central nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits, or electron shells, at various distances from the nucleus.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (i.e., with the general formula Cn(H2O)n). Common examples are sugars, starch, and cellulose.

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9
Q

Catabolic Reaction

A

A synthetic reaction in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones and energy is released.

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10
Q

Cation

A

An ion with one or more positive charges.

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11
Q

Chemical Bond

A

An attractive force stably linking two atoms.

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12
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

The change in the composition or distribution of atoms of a substance with consequent alterations in properties.

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13
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules (or any substances) to stick together.

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14
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become connected by a covalent bond and a molecule of water is released (AH + BOH ? AB + H2O.)

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15
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Chemical bond based on the sharing of electrons between two atoms

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16
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides (simple sugars).

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17
Q

Electronegativity

A

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons when it occurs as part of a compound.

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18
Q

Electron

A

A subatomic particle outside the nucleus carrying a negative charge and very little mass.

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19
Q

Electron Shell

A

The region surrounding the atomic nucleus at a fixed energy level in which electrons orbit.

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20
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be converted to simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

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21
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A molecule made up of a long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a polar carboxyl group. Found in many lipids.

22
Q

Functional Group

A

A characteristic combination of atoms that contribute specific properties when attached to larger molecules

23
Q

Glycerol

A

A three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl groups; a component of phospholipids and triglycerides.

24
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

Bond between carbohydrate (sugar) molecules through an intervening oxygen atom (—O—).

25
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

The energy that must be supplied to convert a molecule from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point.

26
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak electrostatic bond which arises from the attraction between the slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on a nearby oxygen or nitrogen atom.

27
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that breaks a bond by inserting the components of water (AB + H2O ? AH + BOH).

28
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Having an affinity for water.

29
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Having no affinity for water.

30
Q

Ion

A

An electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons.

31
Q

Ionic Bond

A

An electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

32
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

Laws derived from studies of the physical properties of energy and the ways energy interacts with matter.

33
Q

Lipid

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and the phospholipids that make up biological membranes.

34
Q

Macromolecule

A

A giant (molecular weight > 1,000) polymeric molecule. Ex: The protein group polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

35
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism, or some subset of that total

36
Q

Molecule

A

A chemical substance made up of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds or ionic attractions.

37
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule, two or more of which can be combined to form oligomers (consisting of a few monomers) or polymers (consisting of many monomers).

38
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides.

39
Q

Neutron

A

One of the three fundamental particles of matter (along with protons and electrons), with mass slightly larger than that of a proton and no electrical charge.

40
Q

Nucleus

A

(1) In cells, the centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane and contains the chromosomes. (2) In the brain, an identifiable group of neurons that share common characteristics or functions.

41
Q

Ogliosacchardie

A

A polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides.

42
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

The basic structural unit of biological membranes; a sheet of phospholipids two molecules thick in which the phospholipids are lined up with their hydrophobic “tails” packed tightly together and their hydrophilic, phosphate-containing “heads” facing outward. Also called lipid bilayer.

43
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid containing a phosphate group; an important constituent of cellular membranes.

44
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which the electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other, resulting in an unequal distribution of charge.

45
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers.

46
Q

Polysacharide

A

A macromolecule composed of many monosaccharides (simple sugars). Common examples are cellulose and starch.

47
Q

Products

A

The molecules that result from the completion of a chemical reation.

48
Q

Proton

A

(1) A subatomic particle with a single positive charge. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determine its element. (2) A hydrogen ion, H+.

49
Q

Reactant

A

A chemical substance that enters into a chemical reaction with another substance.

50
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid in which all the bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds—that is, all the bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms.

51
Q

Triglyceride

A

A simple lipid in which three fatty acids are combined with one molecule of glycerol.

52
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds.

AP Biology (8 decks)

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