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AP Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

making new individuals, common in nature

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2
Q

clones

A

the results of asexual reproduction

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3
Q

mutations

A

the only reason that there would be a change in genetic information in DNA replication

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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the fusion of two specialized cells called gametes

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5
Q

how do gametes form?

A

by meiosis

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6
Q

meiosis

A

a process of cell division, everything is randomly separated and reorganized so that the daughter cells differ from one another

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7
Q

chromosomes

A

daughter cells consist of chromosomes, they are made up of DNA and proteins

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8
Q

somatic cells

A

cells that are not specialized for reproduction, each contains two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

homologous pairs

A

the pairs of chromosome sets in somatic cells

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10
Q

haploid

A

haploid gametes only have one homolog

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11
Q

zygote

A

two fused gametes in the process of fertilization

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12
Q

fertilization

A

the fusing of two gametes in meiosis.

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13
Q

diploid

A

after the gametes have fused, they have two sets of chromosomes, a homologous pair,

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14
Q

haplontic organisms

A

most protists, fungi, some green algae, they usually just spread their spores

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15
Q

alternation of generations

A

most plants and fungi go through this. form a haploid lifestage called a gametophyte

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16
Q

diplontic organisms

A

animals, plants, fungi, brown algae, the gametes are the only haploid cells in the life cycle. the mature organism is diploid

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17
Q

random selection of half of the diploid chromosome set

A

to make a haploid genome

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18
Q

reproductive signal

A

initiates cell division

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19
Q

replication of DNA

A

two new cells will have a full complement of genes

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20
Q

segregation

A

the cell must distribute the replicated DNA to each of the new cells

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm to make two daughter cells. for this to happen, enzymes must be synthesized, new material must be added to the cell membrane

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22
Q

binary fission

A

this is how prokaryotes divide, the cell grows then it replicates its DNA, then it separates from the cytoplasm, and makes the DNA into two cells

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23
Q

replication of DNA

A

many times chromosomes are cicular, they are joined at the ends.

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24
Q

ori

A

the site where replication of the circular chromosome starts (the origin of replication)

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25
Q

ter

A

the site where replication ends (the terminus of replication)

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26
Q

replication complex

A

chromosome replication takes place as the DNA is threaded through a replication complex of proteins near the center of the cell, it begins at the ori and moves toward the ter. once they are done replicating, they can segregate

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27
Q

segregation

A

so replication begins near the center of the cell, then the ori moves toward the outside of the cell and the DNA binds to proteins adjacent to the ori.

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28
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of a single cell into two cells begins in the cytoplasm. the fibers of the microtubules actually work to break the cells apart.

29
Q

replication of DNA in eukaryotes

A

similar to replication in prokaryotes, occurs only at specific stages of lifecycle

30
Q

segregation of DNA in eukaryotes

A

a copy of each chromosome must end up in each of the two new cells. they are super close to each other in eukaryotes, they become highly condensed, mitosis segregates them into two new nuclei.

31
Q

mitosis

A

the proces that separates the chromosomes into two new nuclei in eukaryotic segregation, the cytoskeleton is involved

32
Q

cytokinesis

A

follows mitosis, the literal breaking up of the two cells, always starts in the cytoplasm, different in plant and animal cells because animal cells have no cell walls

33
Q

cell cycle

A

the period of one division to the next, in eukaryotes this is mitosis and cytokinesis, referred to as the M phase, and a much longer interphase

34
Q

interphase of eukaryotes

A

the cell nucleus is visible and typical cell functions occur, including DNA replication in cells that are dividing

35
Q

the three subphases of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2, the G stands for Gap

36
Q

G1

A

quite variable, cell may spend a long time in this phase carrying out specialized functions

37
Q

S phase

A

the cells DNA is replicated during this

38
Q

G2

A

the cell makes preparations for mitosis, EX. like synthesizing components of the microtubules that will move teh segregating chromosomes to opposite ends of dividing cell

39
Q

prophase

A

the appearance of the nucleus changes as the cell enters this stage, the beginning of mitosis

40
Q

condensed chromosomes

A

each chromosome contains a very long double stranded DNA molecule

41
Q

sister chromatids

A

after DNA each chromosome has two DNA molecules, they are held together at the centromere until separation during mitosis

42
Q

centromere

A

where the two DNA molecules are held together until separation during mitosis

43
Q

kinetochores

A

special proteins that assemble on the centromeres, one on each chromatid. important for chromosome movement

44
Q

karyotype

A

constituted by size and number of chromosomes

45
Q

centrosome

A

the central body

46
Q

centrioles

A

the centrosome consists of a pair of these

47
Q

spindle

A

Microtobules in the spindle apparatus that control chromosome movement

48
Q

polar microtubules

A

Microtobules extending from the centrioles that overlap to form the spindle apparatus,

49
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

Microtubules extending from the centrioles to the chromosome kinetechores.

50
Q

daughter chromosomes

A

the sister chromatids become after separation

51
Q

prometaphase

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and the compacted chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, attatch to kinetochore microtubules

52
Q

metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell, the equatorial position

53
Q

anaphase

A

the chromatids separate, the daughter chromosomes move away from each other toward the poles

54
Q

telophase

A

occurs after the chromosomes have separated and is in the last phase of mitosis

55
Q

animal cell cytokinesis

A

begins with furrowing of plasma membrane, it like threads through it, this is called the contractile ring

56
Q

the contractile ring

A

composed of microfilaments of actin and myosin, form a ring on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane

57
Q

plant cell cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasm divides differently because plants have cell walls

58
Q

growth factors

A

mammals produce a variety of these, they stimulate cell division and differentiation, like when you cut yourself

59
Q

G1-S transition

A

it marks a key decision point for the cell, if it passes the restriction point, it usually means that the cell will proceed with the rest of the cycle

60
Q

the restriction point

A

the cell must pass this point or it is unlikely that it will finish the cycle

61
Q

cell fusion

A

the merging of two or more cells into a single cell

62
Q

cyclin dependant kinases

A

cell cycles that are dependant on protein kinases, they have to go through cdk checkpoints

63
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

each cdk checkpoint has its own cyclin to activate it, it can only be made at the right time

64
Q

what two things happen in meiosis?

A

crossing over and independant assortment

65
Q

chiasma

A

the point where genetic material is exchanged between non sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes

66
Q

crossing over

A

when genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids on homologous chromosomes

67
Q

recombination

A

what crossing over results in, its the recombination of chromatids, each increases in genetic variation among products of meiosis by reshuffling genetic information among homologous pairs

68
Q

independant assortment

A

(genetics) The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes.

AP Biology (8 decks)

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