Chapter 5.5-5.6 Flashcards
signal transduction pathway
signal, receptor, response, amplification
autocrine
signals effect the same cells that release them, self stimulaters
paracrine
diffuse to and effect nearby cells, like neurotransmitters
hormones
signals to distant cells through circulatory system
rule numero uno
only cells with the necessary receptors can respond
how can receptors be classified?
by location and function
cytoplasmic receptor
small non polar ligands get through the plasma membrane and can bind to receptors in the cytoplasm, triggering responses
membrane receptors
binds to a transmembrane receptor on the outside of the plasma membrane because it cannot get across
ion channel receptors
like those gated ion channels that allow for the gates to open
protein kinase receptors
the ligand binds to the receptor, phosphate is release from ATP, becomes ADP and a phosphorylated protein, it activates the kinase which sends signals for responses
G linked protein receptors
uses the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, the ligand binds to the receptor site, GDP is exchanged for GTP and that activates the G-protein, part of the activated g-protein then acivates the effector protein which amplifies and sets off thousands of reactants to products.
guanine nucleotide exchange factor
when a GTP is exchanged for a GDP so it can activate the g-protein so a part of that can activate the effector protein
cAMP
cyclic AMP, the second messenger, the messenger that helps through each step, they do not have enzymatic activity themselves, but actually non covalently bind.
