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biology > human reproduction > Flashcards

human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by the term secondary sexual characteristics

A

characteristics that develop at puberty

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2
Q

give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics present in males

A

deepening of voice
growth of body hair

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

give a function of the epididymis

A

matures and stores sperm

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5
Q

how may chromosome are found in the nucleus of a typical human sperm cell

A

23

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6
Q

suggest one possible cause of male infertility

A

low sperm count

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7
Q

how long is the typical menstrual cycle in a human female

A

28-31 days

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8
Q

describe one effect on the female reproductive system of the low level software oestrogen and progesterone

A

menstruation

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9
Q

why does oestrogen levels increase after approximately 5 days

A

follicle secretes moe oestrogen

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10
Q

what event occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation

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11
Q

ovulation is causes by a surge in a hormone released from the pituitary, name this hormone

A

LH

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12
Q

explain why progesterone levels increase in the days after day 14

A

corpus luteum secretes progesterone

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13
Q

name a hormone involved in sperm production

A

testosterone

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14
Q

explain the importance of meiosis in the production of sperm

A

to proudce haploid cells

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15
Q

give one corrective measure for the cause of male infertility

A

in vitro fertilisation

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16
Q

give two roles of the placenta

A

production of hormones
prevent bloods from mixing

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17
Q

give an outline description of the birth process, including the role of hormones

A

-change in hormone levels causes contractions
-water breaks
-cervix dilates
deliver- head of the baby is forced out through the vagina
-afterbirth of the placenta
-umbilical cord is cut

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18
Q

state one method of birth control

A

contraceptive pill

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19
Q

name the hormone responsible for milk production

A

prolactin

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20
Q

state two biological benefits of breastfeeding

A

transfer of antibodies fro mothers to baby, balanced diet for baby

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21
Q

name two tissues involved in the formation of the placenta

A

uterine
embryonic

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22
Q

describe the difference between the male and female type of gametes - relative numbers of each produced

A

male - a high number of sperm
female - a low number of eggs

23
Q

describe the difference between the male and female type of gametes - frequent of production of gametes

A

male-continuously
female - monthly

24
Q

describe the difference between the male and female type of gametes - relative size

A

male - small
female - large

25
Q

what is the role of the menstrual cycle

A

to prepare for pregnancy

26
Q

name the event that occurs between days1-5 of the cycle

A

menstruation

27
Q

mesntraution is triggered by a large drop in a certain hormone,name the hormone

A

progesterone

28
Q

name the structure that the Graafian follicle develops into after day 14

A

corpus luteum

29
Q

give an example of a natural contraception method

A

rhythm method

30
Q

give an example of a mechanical contraception method

A

condom

31
Q

give an example of a chemical contraception method

A

contraceptive pill

32
Q

give an example of a surgical contraception method

A

vasectomy

33
Q

what is meant by the term implantation

A

the embedding of the blastocyst in the endometrium

34
Q

name, in the correct order, the developmental stages from e fertilised egg to implantation

A

-morula
-blastocyst

35
Q

outline what happens to the level of the hormone progesterone in the blood after implantation

A

increases

36
Q

outline what happens in the endometrium after implantation

A

is maintained

37
Q

embryo cells organise into three germ layers, name each of these layers

A

ectoderm, endotherm, mesoderm

38
Q

explain the term in vitro fetilisation

A

gamets fuse outside the body

39
Q

suggest a reason for the removal of several eggs

A

to increase of successful implantation

40
Q

identify the germ layer from which the skin of the developing embryos arises

A

ectoderm

41
Q

from which tissues does the placenta form

A

endometrium

42
Q

give two reasons why mixing blood must not occur

A

blood pressure difference
prevent transfer of certain infections

43
Q

state one change that occurs and the approximate days of the cycle on which it occurs in th endometrium

A

breaks down
days 1-5

44
Q

state one change that occurs and the approximate days of the cycle on which it occurs in the ovary

A

follicle matures
days 1- 14

45
Q

where are the hormones FSH and LH produced

A

pituitary gland

46
Q

state one role of FSH

A

stimulates secretion fo oestrogen

47
Q

state one role of LH

A

stimulate ovulation

48
Q

state two other hormones that play a role in the cycle

A

oestrogen, progesterone

49
Q

give a function of oestrogen in the cycle

A

inhibits the FSH

50
Q

give a function of progesterone in the cycle

A

inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH

51
Q

suggest a reason why a sperm cell needs so many mitochondria

A

needed for swimming to the egg

52
Q

mitochondria are inherited exclusively from the mother, suggest why this is the case

A

only the head enters the egg

53
Q

state the survival time of the egg and the sperm in the female body

A

egg-12-48 hours
sperm-0-7 days

biology (35 decks)

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