Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

arithmetic density

A

number of people per land area

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2
Q

physiological density

A

number of people supported by a unit of arable land

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3
Q

agricultural density

A

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

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4
Q

carrying capacity

A

the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.(deterioration of the environment)

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5
Q

Population distribution

A

the spread of people in an area

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6
Q

dispersed

A

population, buildings, or other features spread out over a wider area

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7
Q

clustered

A

population, buildings, or other features are concentrated in a specific area or region with little to no space between them

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8
Q

Population density

A

the amount of people in an area

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9
Q

desertification

A

the process by which arable land loses its fertility and becomes a desert.

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10
Q

urban sprawl

A

the unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area into the surrounding countryside)

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11
Q

Population pyramid

A

shows the amount of people belonging to both genders in a specific age range

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12
Q

Regional

A

Can provide insight into the economic potential of a region

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13
Q

Local

A

help understand the dynamics of a community; Ex. a city with a large population in the 20-24 age range may be home to different colleges, resulting in more of a downtown and higher demand of rental properties

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14
Q

Sex ratio

A

ratio of males to females in a population

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15
Q

Dependency ratio

A

gives insight into how many people a society needs to support; the higher the number, the greater the burden will be on the working population

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16
Q

Crude birth rate

A

total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

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17
Q

Crude death rate

A

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

18
Q

Natural increase rate (rate of natural increase)

A

the percentage by which a population grows in a year

19
Q

Doubling time

A

the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size; used to understand how a country should use their resources, set policies, and predict future challenges.

20
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

the average number of children a woman will have

21
Q

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

the total number of deaths under one year of age in a year for every 1,000 live births

22
Q

DTM- Stage 1

A

High CBR and CDR resulting in a low NIR. most people in these countries are engaged in subsistence agriculture (agricultural production that occurs with the intent to provide for the farmers family or local community (output is for consumption not sale)); women usually have limited opportunities and lack education; main focus on household tasks and child bearing; migration is seasonal; lack access to good healthcare and education, resulting in a high death rate; no longer any countries in this stage

23
Q

DTM- Stage 2

A

high CBR and declining CDR, resulting in a significant increase of NIR and total population; CDR and IMR decreased due to advancements in technology, agricultural advancements, sanitation, and increased knowledge in medicine; women receive slight expansion of their role, but still remain limited; more individuals leaving rural areas and going to urban areas searching for more economic opportunities; increased rates of emigration (when an individual leaves a country or political territory

24
Q

DTM- Stage 3

A

CBR starts to decline and CDR is still decreasing, NIR starts to become more moderate; improved medical technology= longer life expectancy and reduction in IMR, resulting in smaller family sizes; more dominant economic centers with jobs focusing in manufacturing; people continue to migrate from rural to urban areas; people start to have fewer children due to lack of space and economic changes; women start to get more access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities= declining CBR; more people start to migrate to urban areas (mexico is an example of a country in this stage)

25
Q

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A

(when a country’s CBR and CDR are essentially the same, causing the NIR to be 0)

26
Q

DTM- Stage 4

A

low CBR, CDR, also a low to flat NIR; countries in this stage may experience ZPG (when a country’s CBR and CDR are essentially the same, causing the NIR to be 0); women play an active role in society; access to specialized medicine and robust healthcare system; migration patterns start to shift as urban areas start to experience counterurbanization as more people start to move into the suburbs; increased immigration from less developed places as more people seek economic opportunities in the country (ex. USA and China)

27
Q

DTM- Stage 5

A

Low CBR, low CDR, and a negative NIR. the countries CBR falls below CDR causing.(ex. Japan and Germany) migration is not taken into account.

28
Q

Epidemiologist transition model

A

causes of death for each stage of the demographic transition model

29
Q

Stage 1

A

high mortality rates- pestilence, famine, and death
Parasitic and infectious diseases, animal attacks, pandemics, epidemics, food shortages, and contaminated water sources (well known killer in this stage is the bubonic plague)

30
Q

Stage 2

A

fewer deaths and receding pandemics
Improved standard of living and sanitation, increased food production, more nutritious food

31
Q

Stage 3

A

increase of degenerative diseases (a medical condition that involves the deterioration of cells, tissues, or organs in the body that continues to get worse over time). People live longer and die from diseases that are caused by human behaviors or related to age
Heart disease and cancer

32
Q

Stage 4

A

fighting degenerative diseases and overall longer life expectancies
Medical advancements delay degenerative diseases leading to longer lives
Improved diets and lifestyle choices

33
Q

Stage 5

A

resurgence of infectious disease
Evolution of disease
Increase poverty
Increased urbanization
Globalization and the ease of traveling

34
Q

malthusian catastrophe

A

the population would surpass its carrying capacity, resulting in famine, war, disease outbreaks, and the collapse of society

35
Q

anti-natalist policies

A

policies that are created to help decrease a society’s birth rate

36
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

they believe the world’s supply of natural resources will deplete as the population continues to grow. They have expanded on Malthus’ original idea to not just include food, but resources in general. Essentially the world has a finite supply of natural resources, and as the population continues to increase, the resources will continue to deplete

37
Q

Pro-Natalist Policies

A

policies that are created to help increase a society’s birth rate like having a larger family

38
Q

Anti-Natalist Policies

A

policies that are created to help decrease a society’s birth rate and reduce the amount of births in a society

39
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

a measure of the number of female deaths per 100,000 live births that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

40
Q

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

A

provides insight into migration patterns
Some have started to change in recent years due to cultural, political, and economic shifts in society