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15 Alterations in Blood Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

5 types of obstruction that cause altered flow

A 
1 arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis
2 inflammation
3 vasospasm
4 thrombi/emboli
5 acute occlusion
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2
Q

2 types of mechanical alterations that cause altered flow

A

1 arteriovenous fistulas (arteriovenous malformation)

2 aneurysm

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3
Q

effects of reduction in flow

A 
*impairs ability to transport gases + nutrients to body tissues
1 hypoxia
2 ischemia
3 venous engorgement
4 venous obstruction
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4
Q

Obstructions in BLOOD VESSELS

effects

A
  • reduced flow beyond the obstruction

- increased pressure before the obstruction

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5
Q

Obstructions in BLOOD VESSELS

arterial vs venous system manifestation

A

A: distal ischemia

V: edema

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6
Q

Thrombus

A

stationary blood clot formed w/in a vessel or chamber of heart

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7
Q

Thrombosis

treatment

A

1 anticoagulant therapy
2 thrombolytic drugs
3 surgery to remove thrombus

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8
Q

anticoagulant therapy

A
  • used to prevent clot enlargement

- blood thinner

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9
Q

Embolus aka Thromboembolus

A
  • traveling clot

- -material that forms a clot w/in the bloodstream

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10
Q

embolus leaving L ventricle

A

ISCHEMIC STROKE

  • differ depending on brain area affected
  • loss of cogntv functn, motor changes, diff levels of sensory loss
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11
Q

embolus leaving R ventricle

A

PULMONARY EMBOLUS

  • vague, nonspecific
  • most common: sudden onset of shortness of breath, inc resp rate, chest pain, sudden death
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12
Q

Other causes of Emboli

A 
1 fat
2 malignant neoplasm/tumor
3 collection of bacteria/infectious exudate
4 air
5 amniotic fluid
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13
Q

Embolus

treatment

A

1 Embolectomy

2 filter in inferior vena cava

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14
Q

Artetiosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

A

hardening + narrowing in medium + large sized arteries

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15
Q

lipoprotein

A

soluble protein that combines/transports fat in plasma

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16
Q

PDGF

A

platelet-derived growth factor

  • released by aggregation of platelets
  • stimulated the growth of smooth muscles
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17
Q

Foam Cells

A

lipid-filled macrophages

  • macrophage engulf lipids turning into FOAM CELLS
  • -release inflammatory mediators (attract more leukocytes) + growth factors (stim smooth muscle proliferation)
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18
Q

Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

Process

A

1 initiated by ENDOTHELIAL SURFACE DAMAGE to arterial intima
-initiates inflammatory respns + inc vessel wall permeability
2 LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS breach intimal layer
–leukocytes + endothelial cells oxidize lipids
3 oxidized lipids are damaging to endothelial + smooth muscle cells
–stim recruit of macrophage
4 platelet aggregate + release PDGF
–stim growth of smooth muscles
5 TUNICA MEDIA SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS move to intima where they proliferate + HARDEN
6 MACROPHAGE engulf lipids; FOAM CELLS release inflammatory mediators + GF
–attract more leukocytes + stim smooth muscle growth
7 excess lipid + debris accumulate w/in vessel wall + coalesce into lipid core (NARROWING)

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19
Q

what causes the “hardening” + “narrowing” in Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

A

HARD: when tunica media smooth muscles move inwards to intima where they proliferate and harden

NARROW: excess lipid + debris accumulate w/in vessel wall + coalesce into lipid core

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20
Q

Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis can lead to…

A 
1 hypertension
2 cardiac CAD + renal disease
3 peripheral arterial disease
4 stroke
5 myocardial infarction
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21
Q

Atherosclerosis Plaque

A
  • causes narrowing
  • slowly enlarge> orifice or artery decreases +perfusion diminished
  • primarily composed of smooth muscle cells, epithelium, blood clot, lipoprotein, + inflammatory debris
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22
Q

perfusion

A

passage of blood/fluid through vessels

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23
Q

NONmodifiable risk factors of Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • fam history of CAD
24
Q

Modifiable risk factors of Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

Study These Flashcards
A

1 Phys activity
2 Stress + Mental Health
3 Tobacco
4 Hypertension
5 Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, Triglycerides
6 Glucose Intolerance/Metabolic Syndrome, + Diabetes
7 Obesity

25
physical activity as treatment/prevention for Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
INC: HDL lvl, collateral circ, vessel size DEC: tot cholesterol lvl, glucose intolerance, body weight, + BP
26
stress + mental health for Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
stress + depression increase risk
27
tobacco on Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
-injures epithelium INC: LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, platelet aggregation, BP + heart rate, risk of coronary heart disease [CHD] DEC: HDL
28
hypertension on Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
hypertension increases risk
29
Cholesterol on Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
excess cholesterol acts as irritant causing PLAQUE formation
30
Lipoproteins on Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
high levels of LDL promotes atherosclerosis | high levels of HDL inhibits
31
Glucose Intolerance/Metabolic Syndrome, + Diabetes on Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
increases risk of Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
32
Obesity on Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
ACCELERATES atherosclerotic process
33
Raynaud Syndrome
extreme vasoconstriction producing cessation of flow to fingers + toes -color changes like cyanosis or red due to hyperemia, pain, numbness, cold trigger attacks
34
cyanosis
white/blue discoloration of skin fr poor circulation or lack of oxygen
35
hyperemia
excess of blood in vessels supplying an organ or part of body -red
36
Aneurysm
localized arterial dilation, bulge outward - frequently found in cerebral circulation + thoracic + abdominal aorta - classified as true or false aneurysms
37
true aneurysms
SACCULAR: one-sided balloon FUSIFORM: both sides balloon out BERRY: balloon has stem/neck
38
Aneurysm | clinical manifestations
AORTIC: sudden severe tearing pain, radiates into back/abdomen, shock CEREBRAL: increasing intracranial pressure, hemorrhaging stroke
39
Aneurysm | tests
AORTIC: CT, MRI, cerebral angiography CEREBRAL: CT, TEE
40
Acute Arterial Occlusion
absence of arterial circulation-emergency | -may result fr thrombi/emboli or mechanical compressin
41
Acute Arterial Occlusion | classic signs + symptoms
``` 1 pallor 2 paresthesia 3 paralysis 4 pain 5 polar 6 pulseless ```
42
Acute Arterial Occlusion | treatment
``` medical + surgical 1 loosen tight dressing 2 cut cast 3 anticoagulant therapy 4 thrombolytic therapy 5 bypass surgery 6 embolectomy 7 amputation ```
43
4 alterations to ARTERIAL flow
``` 1 Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis (obstruction) 2 Raynaud Syndrome 3 Aneurysm (mechanical alteration) 4 Acute Arterial Occlusion (obstruction) ```
44
3 Alterations in VENOUS Flow
1 Varicose Veins 2 Chronic Venous Insufficiency 3 Deep Vein Thrombosis
45
alterations to venous flow are usually accompanied by...
edema venous stasis ulcers pain
46
life-threatening type of alteration to venous blood flow
Deep vein thrombosis
47
valvular incompetence | cause + manifestations
- overstretching valves owing to excessive venous pressures resulting in backflow of blood - obesity, pregnancy, RT heart failure, prolonged standing -results in Venous insufficiency + varicose veins
48
valvular incompetence | treatment
- smoking cessation - reg walk/exercise - drugs that interfere w platelet aggregation
49
Varicose Veins
impaired venous returns results in superficial darkened, raised, tortuous veins
50
most common vein affected by varicose
Greater Saphenous Vein
51
Varicose Veins | treatment
- increase venous flow + reduce venous pressure - sclerotherapy + surgical interventions for severe cases - elevate legs, avoid standing, elastic stockings - vein stripping + vein ligation
52
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
- results when valvular incompetence involves DEEP veins | - venous stasis ulcers are typically present, skin turns brown
53
Chronic Venous Insufficiency | evaluation + treatment
- ultrasound is best method for evaluation | treatment: compression therapy + infection control
54
Deep Vein Thrombosis
- due to thrombus in a deep vein in lower extremity | - may be asymptomatic
55
Deep Vein Thrombosis | risk factor + treatment
- previous DVT is a risk factor for further hypercoagulation | - treated aggressively w Anticoagulation therapy
56
thrombus vs emboli
thrombus is a blood clot | emboli is a traveling clot

Pathophysiology (32 decks)

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