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Biology > 1.5 nucleic acid > Flashcards

1.5 nucleic acid Flashcards

1
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

pentose sugar
phosphate
organic/nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what does ATP consist of

A

3 phosphate groups
pentose sugar
adenine

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3
Q

what are bonds between the phosphate group formed by

A

condensation reaction

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4
Q

what breaks the bond in ATP when it becomes ADP

A

ATPase hydrolyses the bond between the second and third phosphate

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5
Q

what type of reaction happens when ATP changes to ADP

A

exergonic reaction reaction.

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6
Q

how much energy is released when ATP goes to ADP

A

30.6 KJ is released

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7
Q

what is the addition of a phosphate to ADP called

A

phosphorylation

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8
Q

what is ATP called of the cell

A

universal energy currency

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9
Q

where is ATP used

A

in all organisms
all cells
used in all metabolic reactions

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10
Q

why is ATP efficient

A

-transfers energy from glucose to where it’s needed
- it releases energy in small amounts so there’s less waste
- only one enzyme is needed (ATPase) so less likely to go wrong
-ATP provides a common source of energy for many reactions increasing efficiency

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11
Q

why is DNA a nucleic acid

A

because it is more than 1 nucleotide joined together and it is made of pentose sugar, phosphate and an organic base

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12
Q

what is DNA

A

the genetic information coded in a sequence of bases

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13
Q

structure of DNA

A

is a double stranded polymer of nucleotides/polynucleotides
double helix held together by hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

what forms the backbone of the polynucleotide

A

alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars

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15
Q

what is the pentose sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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16
Q

4 bases?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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17
Q

how do purines and pyrmidines bond

A

by hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

complementary base pairing

A

A-T
G-C

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19
Q

how do the two chains in DNA join together

A

the complementary base pairing link the two chains together

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20
Q

how many H bonds do the bases have

A

C-G have 3
A-T have 2

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21
Q

what are the polynucleotide chains

A

anti-parallel

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22
Q

what does the sequence of bases form

A

the genetic code

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23
Q

where is DNA found

A

in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

function of DNA

A

replication and protein synthesis

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25
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

-double vs single polynucleotides
- DNA is larger
- T in DNA, U in RNA
- DNA is more stable than RNA (2 strands)
- DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose

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26
Q

what pentose sugar does RNA contain

A

ribose

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27
Q

bases in RNA?

A

A,U,G,C

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28
Q

types of RNA

A

tRNA (transfer)
mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal)

29
Q

description/function of mRNA

A

synthesised in the nucleus and carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes

30
Q

description/function of rRNA

A

found in the cytoplasm
translation happens here

31
Q

description/function of tRNA

A

**small single stranded molecule with folds containing base sequences
the 3’ end has the sequence ACC
carries an anti-codon and transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

32
Q

what does each strand of mRNA contain

A

the genetic code for one gene and each gene codes for a specific polypeptide

33
Q

what are the two groups of bases

A

purines, pyrmidines

34
Q

what are purines

A

larger (2 rings) Adenine, Guanine

35
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

smaller (1) cytosine, thymine, Uracil

36
Q

how many phosphates do DNA, RNA and ATP have

A

ATP- 3
DNA/RNA- depends on the length of the strand, alternating sugar phosphate

37
Q

bonds in DNA

A

phosphodiester

38
Q

three theories of DNA replication

A

semi-conservative
conservative
dispersive

39
Q

what is the semi-conservative replication

A

1 new strand
1 original

40
Q

conservative?

A

2 strands the same as original DNA

41
Q

dispersive?

A

new and original strands mixed

42
Q

which theory is accepted

A

semi-conservative

43
Q

explain semi conservative replication

A

2 new molecules of DNA produced from one molecule
each new molecule consists of one old strand of DNA and one new strand

44
Q

what is DNA helicase

A

unwinds and separates the two DNA strands (before replication can occur)

45
Q

what is DNA polymerase

A

catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the free nucleotides and the template strand

46
Q

explain the process of semi-conservative repliacation

A

DNA helicase is used to separate the DNA into 2 strands. these become the templates.
DNA polymerase helps the free nucleotides to join onto the strand in the correct place. there is then 2 DNA molecules

47
Q

when is DNA transcribed to codons

A

when mRNA is made

48
Q

what is a triplet code

A

3 bases that code for one amino acid

49
Q

what is a codon

A

a triplet of bases in mRNA

50
Q

what are the characteristics of the genetic code

A

unambiguous
degenerate
contain a stop codon
universal
code doesn’t overlap

51
Q

what does unambiguous mean?

A

3 bases code for one amino acid

52
Q

what does degenerate mean?

A

more than one triplet can code for an amino acids because there are 64 possible codes but only 20 amino acids

53
Q

what do the stop codons do

A

acts as a full stop at the end of the sequence

54
Q

what does universal mean

A

the code is the same in all organisms

55
Q

what does it mean that the code doesn’t overlap

A

each base is only in one triplet

56
Q

explain transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases in the helix. DNA unwnds exposing the unpaired bases on the template strand. RNA polymerase links to the template strand of DNA insdrting mRNA nucleotides one a a time (complementary base pairing) and they form bonds with eachother. until a stop codon is reached, the RNA polymerase leaves DNA

57
Q

whats cistron

A

the specific region that is copied

58
Q

what’s an intron

A

non-coding nucleotide sequence in DNA

59
Q

exon?

A

nucleotide sequence coding for amino acids

60
Q

what is it called when RNA is made from DNA

A

it is a longer molecule called pre mRNA

61
Q

what happens to the pre mRNA

A

it is modified to remove the introns before it leaves the nucleus (splicing)

62
Q

what is mRNA leaving the nucleus made up of

A

exons only

63
Q

what is the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

A

the theory that each gene is responsible for the synthesis of a single polypeptide

64
Q

what is translation

A

process that converts the coded information of mRNA into the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

65
Q

what are the 3 stages in translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

66
Q

what happens in stage 1 (initiation)

A

mRNA arrives at the ribosomes and they will attach to a start codon at one end of the mRNA. the tRNA will attach to the ribosome. it will have an anticodon complementary with the first codon on the mRNA
codon and anticodon will join with the hydrogen bonds. this will be repeated for a second tRNA anticodon

67
Q

what happens in stage 2 (elongation)

A

the 2 amino acids form a peptide bond between them
then the first tRNA leaves the ribosome. return to the cytpolasm to bind to another copy of it’s specific amino acid
ribosomes move one codon along the mRNA strand
the next tRNA binds

68
Q

what happens in stage 3
(termination)

A

repeats util a stop codon is reached
the ribosome mRNA separates
protein is ready to be transported where its needed

Biology (12 decks)

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