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Biology > 2.1 classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

2.1 classification and biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

definition of biodiversity

A

the number of species and the number of individuals of the species in an environment

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2
Q

what does species richness refer to

A

the number of species

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3
Q

what does species evenness refer to

A

number of organisms within each species

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4
Q

what different ways can we get biodiversity

A

genetic diversity (variety of genes, by individuals of one species)
ecosystem diversity (range of habitats)

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5
Q

what 2 ways does biodiversity vary

A

spatially (different places)
overtime

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6
Q

what does biodiversity depend on

A

genetic factors
the environment
human activity

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7
Q

factors affecting biodiversity
succession

A

changes to the environment makes it more suitable for other species. increases animal biodiversity but decreases plant biodiversity. (wont be species evenness)

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8
Q

factors affecting biodiversity
natural selection

A

species that aren’t suited to the environment. these won’t be selected. natural selection can generate and change biodiversity

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9
Q

factors affecting biodiversity
human influence

A

human activity has made the environment less hospitable to living organisms. has decreased biodiversity and in many cases led to extinction.

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10
Q

how can we measure biodiversity

A

simpson’s Diversity index

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11
Q

what will the result of simpson’s diversity index be

A

between 1 and 0

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12
Q

what does measuring biodiversity do

A

takes into account the number of species present as well as the relative abundance of each species

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13
Q

what is polymorphism

A

the word used to describe the presence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species

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14
Q

what different levels can biodiversity be assessed at

A

population level
genetic level
molecular level

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15
Q

what is population level in terms of biodiversity

A

counting number of individuals and the number of species

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16
Q

genetic level
biodiversity

A

examining genes

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17
Q

molecular level
biodiversity

A

examining DNA and proteins

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18
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

when there is a variety of alleles in a population

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19
Q

why is genetic diversity important

A

to make evolution possible

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20
Q

how can we measure genetic diversity

A

by looking at allele frequency
variety of alleles in a gene pool

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21
Q

different conservation methods

A

CITES
SSSI
government agencies other organisation
captive breeding programmes
seed banks
government legislation

22
Q

importance of biodiversity for humans

A

-source of food
-essential materials:cotton, rubber and wood
-useful chemicals (medicine)
disease resistant genes (splicing)

23
Q

meaning of phylogenetic

A

evolutionary relatedness

24
Q

taxa ?

A

levels of classification

25
Q

largest taxonomic group

A

Domain

26
Q

order of classification

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

27
Q

need for a phylogenetic classification system

A
  • allows us to infer evolutionary relationships,
  • if a new animal is discovered with a beak and feathers, we predict some of its other characteristics based on our understanding of birds
  • ## easier when we communicate
28
Q

3 domains

A

eubacteria
archaea
eukaryota

29
Q

description of eubacteria

A

familiar bacteria such as E. coli and salmonella (prokaryotes)

30
Q

description of archaea

A

are bacteria, often have unusual metabolism, some generate methane. they live in marginal habitats and are also prokaryotes

31
Q

description of eukaryota

A

domain includes plantae, Animalia, fungi and protoctista, eukaryotic organisms

32
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms based off

A

largely on morphological similarities between organisms not on DNA analysis

33
Q

5 kingdoms

A

prokaryote
plantae
Animalia
fungi
protoctista

34
Q

characteristic features of prokaryote

A

composed of prokaryotic cells, lack of a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles

35
Q

characteristic features of plantae

A

multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthetic, cellulose cell wall

36
Q

characteristic features of Animalia

A

nervous coordination, multicellular eukaryotes, no cell wall, heterotrophic

37
Q

characteristic features of fungi

A

heterotrophic eukaryotes, cell walls of chitin, reproduced by spores

38
Q

characteristic features of protoctista

A

mainly single cell eukaryotes, no tissue differentiation

39
Q

homologous structures

A

structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin, derived from a common ancestor (might have different functions)

40
Q

what do biologist look for homologous structures for

A

to assess how closely related 2 organisms are. they can suggest how different organisms are related and the pattern of their evolution

41
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

development of similar features in unrelated organisms over a long period of time

42
Q

example of divergent evolution

A

pentadactyl limb

43
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

the development of different structures over long periods of time, from the equivalent structures in related organisms

44
Q

genetic evidence for relatedness
4 ways

A

DNA base sequence
DNA hybridisation
amino acid sequence
immunology

45
Q

explain DNA base sequence

A

more closely related species show more similarity in their DNA base sequence than those more distantly related. DNA analysis has confirmed evolutionary relationships and corrected mistakes made in classification based on physical characteristics

46
Q

explain DNA hybridisation

A

involves comparing the DNA base sequence of two species. to work out how closely related 2 species are, DNA from both is extracted separated and cut into fragments, the fragments from the 2 species are then mixed and where they have complimentary base sequences, they hybridise together. shown chimpanzees and humans have at least 95% of their DNA in common.

47
Q

explain amino acid sequence

A

sequence of amino acids in protein is determined by the base sequence. degree of similarity in the amino acid sequence of the same protein in 2 species will reflect how closely related they are

48
Q

explain immunology

A

way of comparing proteins of different species. if you mix the antigens of one species such as the blood protein album, with specific antibodies of another, the antigens and antibodies form a precipitate. closer the evolutionary relationship, the more they’ll react and the more precipitate will be made.

49
Q

definition of species

A

organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

50
Q

what is artificial classification

A

according to differences useful at the time
colour, size, number of legs etc,,
analogous characteristics)

51
Q

natural classification

A

based on evolutionary relationships
grouped using shared ancestral features
(homologous characteristics)

Biology (12 decks)

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