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Biology > 2.3 animal transport > Flashcards

2.3 animal transport Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of circulatory systems

A

open
closed

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2
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

the transport medium is moved into a large space in the body cavity
(haemocoel)
blood does not flow in blood vessels

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3
Q

who has an open circulatory system

A

insects

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4
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

the blood flows in. blood vessels
respiratory gases are transported in the blood

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5
Q

explain the circulatory system in an insect

A

blood is pumped from a dorsal tube-shaped heart and a dorsal vein that runs the length of the body into a large fluid filled body cavity known as the haemocoel
blood bathes the tissues directly and returns slowly to the heart

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6
Q

two types of closed circulatory systems

A

single
double

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7
Q

what is a single closed circulatory system

A

the blood moves through the heart once for each cycle around the body

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8
Q

who has single circulation

A

earthworms and fish

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9
Q

what is double circulation

A

the blood moves through the heart twice for each cycle around the body.

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10
Q

closed circulation in an earthworm

A

blood flows forward in the dorsal vessel (back) and back in the ventral (front) blood vessels that run the length of the body. vessels are connected by five pseudo hearts

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11
Q

what keeps blood pumping in earthworms

A

pumping action of the pseudo hearts and the thickened, muscular blood vessels

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12
Q

advantages of closed circulation

A

-for larger animals it allows them to control the flow of blood to certain parts of the body
- greater blood pressure generated so blood can flow faster

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13
Q

disadvantages of closed circulation

A

more energy is required
more complex as contains a network of vessels

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14
Q

3 main layers of the walls of arteries and veins

A

-tunica externa
-tunica media
-tunica intima

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15
Q

describe structure and function of tunica externa

A

made of collagen which resists overstreching

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16
Q

structure and function of tunica media

A

made of smooth muscle tissue
contraction of which regulates blood flow and maintains blood pressure

also made of elastic fibres for elastic recoil and to maintain pressure

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17
Q

structure and function of tunica intimacy

A

a single layer of smooth endothelium
which reduces friction and produces minimal resistance to blood flow

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18
Q

what are the only arteries that contain valves

A

aorta and pulmonary artery

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19
Q

structure of arteries

A

-thick muscle layer (can be constricted and dilated) to control the volume of blood
- thick elastic layer
-no valves as blood is under high pressure
-lumen is small

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20
Q

structure of capillaries

A

-one cell thick endothelium on a basement membrane
-smaller diameter which slows the rate of blood flow
-lots of capillaries=large total cross sectional area= large reduction in blood flow due to increased restriction

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21
Q

structure of arterioles

A

small arteries

-smooth muscle
- can constrict and dilate

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22
Q

structure of veins

A

-larger diameter, thinner walls, blood is at a lower pressure
-larger lumen
-valves to prevent back flow of blood

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23
Q

properties of the heart
consist of…..

A

-cardiac muscle walls
-coronary arteries (own blood supply)
-4 chambers (2 atria/2 ventricles)
- valves

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24
Q

role of the pump on the left

A

pumps out oxygenated blood to the body

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25
Q

role of the pump on the right

A

pumps out deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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26
Q

direction of blood : atria

A

artery to body

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27
Q

direction of blood: vena cava

A

vein from the body

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28
Q

direction of blood: pulmonary artery

A

artery to the lungs

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29
Q

direction of blood: pulmonary vein

A

vein from the lungs

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30
Q

where is the highest blood pressure (blood vessels)

A

aorta and arteries
rise and fall in pressure here= contraction and relaxation of the ventricles in the heart

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31
Q

blood pressure changes
arterioles

A

friction with vessel walls causes a pressure drop. have a large surface area and are narrow so there’s a substantial drop in pressure

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32
Q

what does pressure in the arterioles depend on

A

whether they are dilated or contracted.

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33
Q

blood pressure changes
capillaries

A

have a huge cross-sectional surface area, reduces pressure slows blood flow

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34
Q

what does reduced blood pressure do

A

slows blood flow

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35
Q

what does reduced blood pressure in the capillaries allow for

A

time for the exchange of substances

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36
Q

blood pressure changes in veins

A

pressure is low

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37
Q

what do the coronary arteries transport

A

oxygen, glucose and other metabolites

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38
Q

explain the journey deoxygenated blood takes

A

returns to the heart through the vena cava and enters the right atrium. once the right atrium has filled with blood the wall of the atrium contracts (increase in blood pressure) forces the tricuspid valve open and blood enters the right ventricle. once the right ventricle is full of blood, wall of the ventricle contracts from the apex which forces blood up. tricuspid valve shuts and the semi-lunar valve is forced open. blood is transported to the lungs

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39
Q

explain the journey of oxygenated blood

A

returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein. the left atrium fills with blood and then contracts. the bicuspid valve is forced open allowing blood to fill the left ventricle. once the left ventricle is full it contracts and forces blood upwards. (increases blood pressure) closes the bicuspid valves and forces the semi-lunar valve open. blood is forced into the aorta and onwards to the body at high pressure

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40
Q

what does the cardiac cycle describe

A

the sequence of events of one heartbeat
0.8 seconds
3 stages

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41
Q

what is the cardiac muscle contraction

A

myogenic which means it beats on its own. contraction is stimulated from the muscles. it does not need impulses from nerves to make it contract

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42
Q

systole
=

A

contraction

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43
Q

diastole
=

A

relaxation

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44
Q

3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole (ventricles in diastole)
ventricular systole (atria in diastole)
diastole (atria & ventricles) ventricles first

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45
Q

explain what happens in atrial systole

A

-atria contract
-blood flows through the atria-ventricular valves into the ventricles
-pressure is low (thin atrial walls)
- back flow is prevented (valves closing)

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46
Q

explains what happens in ventricular systole

A
  • ventricles contract
  • atrio-ventricular valves close (greater pressure in ventricles)
    -semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary arteries open
    -blood flows into the arteries
    -thick muscle walls generate greater pressures in the ventricles
    -the left ventricular wall is partially thick and strong
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47
Q

why is the left ventricular wall thick and strong

A

it has to pump blood around the whole body

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48
Q

explain ventricular diastole
and then diastole

A

VD
-heart relaxes and pressure in the ventricles drops
- semi-lunar valves shut to prevent back flow of blood from the arteries
other:
-whole of the heart muscle relaxes
-blood flow from the veins flows into the atria
-cardiac cycle begins again

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49
Q

changes in pressure within the heart
(atrial systole)

A

-walls of atria contract, increases pressure in the atria. (still low)
trio-ventricular valves close as pressure in ventricles begin to increase

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50
Q

changes in pressure within the heart
(ventricular systole)

A
51
Q

electrical cardiac cycle
explain

A

electrical impulse SAN initiates tje contraction of the atria (at the same time)
the AVN causes a 0.1 second delay (time for the atria to fill and blood to go to the ventricles)
AVN speeds to the bundle of his
ventricles contract when impulse moves to the Purkinjee fibres

52
Q

how is the heartbeat initiated

A

in a specialised region of the right atrium called the Sino-atrial node

53
Q

what do ECGs measure

A

the electrical activity that spreads through the heart during the cardiac cycle can be detected using electrodes on the skin

54
Q

what are the electrocardiogram a record of

A

voltage changes in the heart detected using the sensors on the skin

55
Q

what can the electrical signals of a heart be tested by

A

chart recorder

56
Q

what does the P wave show

A

the depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole

57
Q

why is the P wave smaller than the QRS wave

A

because the atria have less muscle than the ventricles

58
Q

what does the QRS wave show

A

the spread of depolarisation through the ventricles resulting in ventricular systole

59
Q

what does the T wave show

A

the depolarisation of the ventricles during ventricular diastole

60
Q

what does the part between t and p show

A

isoelectric line and is the baseline

61
Q

effect of high blood pressure

A

more likely to have a stroke

62
Q

systolic (pressure)

A

pressure in the artery as the heart contracts
top number

63
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure in the artery as the heart relaxes
bottom number

64
Q

what does affinity mean

A

the degree to which two molecules are attracted to eachother

65
Q

what do we use the words loading/assocating

A

when oxygen binds to haemoglobin

66
Q

when do we use the words unloading or dissociating

A

when oxygen unbinds from haemoglobin

67
Q

how can haemoglobin change it’s affinity

A

by changing its shape

68
Q

why does haemoglobin change it’s affinity

A
  • so that it has a high affinity and associates readily with oxygen at the site of gas exchange, alveolus in humans
    -so that it has a lowered affinity and dissociates readily from oxygen at respiring tissues
69
Q

how is oxygen carried in the blood

A

oxyhaemoglobin

70
Q

where does oxygen assosciate/dissociate

A

associates with oxygen at surface gas exchange
dissociates with oxygen at respiring tissue

71
Q

explain oxygen affinity when in the gas exchange surface

A

high 02 concentration
low CO2 concentration
high affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
so oxygen attaches

72
Q

explain oxygen affinity when in respiring tissue

A

low o2 concentration
high CO2 concentration
low affinity of haempglobin for oxygen
so oxygen released

73
Q

explain co-operative binding

A
  • The increasing ease after the first oxygen molecules bind
  • haeoglobin binds it’s second and third oxygen molecules, as the shape of the haemoglobin molecules change.
  • the thirds oxygen molecule doesn’t alter the shape of haemoglobin so a very large concentration is needed to bind the fourth molecule.
74
Q

what happens to haemoglobin at high partial pressures vs low

A

at high (in lungs) haemoglobin strongly binds to oxygen
at low partial pressure (capillaries)
oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen

75
Q

what shape are oxygen dissociating curves

A

sigmoid

76
Q

describe haemoglobin

A

has an affinity (attraction) oxygen
1 haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecue

77
Q

what does the curve on oxygen dissociation curves show

A

that at low partial pressures of oxygen, the percentage saturation of haemoglobin is very low, it has combined with very little oxygen. at high a partial pressures of oxygen, the percentage saturation is very high haemoglobin has combined with lots of oxygen

78
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs
how saturated will haemoglobin be

A

high
95-98% saturated, almost every haemoglobin will be combined with 8 atoms of oxygen

79
Q

what will the partial pressure of oxygen be in respiring tissue
how saturated will haemoglobin be

A

low
be about 20-25% saturated will carry only a quarter of the possible oxygen

80
Q

what does partial pressure of oxygen mean

A

the concentration of oxygen in the lungs or body tissues

81
Q

why is the sigmoid shape more efficient

A

a small drop in oxygen partial pressure leads to a large decrease in haemoglobin saturation so the oxygen is more readily released to the tissues

82
Q

what would happen at higher partial pressure if there’s a linear relationship (without co-operative binding)

A

haemoglobin oxygen affinity would be too low and so oxygen affinity would be too low and oxygen would be readily released so would not reach respiring tissues

83
Q

what would happen at lower partial pressure if there’s a linear relationship

A

haemoglobin oxygen affinity would be too high and oxygen would not be released in respiring tissues, even at very low partial pressures

84
Q

difference between normal and foetal haemoglobin

A

foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity of oxygen at the same partial pressure

85
Q

how would foetal haemoglobin be seen on a dissociation curve

A

it will be shifted to the left

86
Q

why does foetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen

A

because at all partial pressures in the placenta, the mothers haemoglobin releases oxygen

87
Q

what do lugworm and llamas have and why

A

have a high affinity of oxygen
because they live in a low oxygen environment

88
Q

explain llama and lugworm in terms of the dissociation curves

A

lower availability of oxygen so will be shifted to the right

89
Q

what is myoglobin

A

a pigment that binds to oxygen which is only found in muscle cells

90
Q

what does myoglobin have

A

a high affinity of oxygen even at low partial pressures

91
Q

when does myoglobin release its oxygen

A

at very low partial pressures

92
Q

what does extra oxygen from myoglobin do

A

can help to maintain aerobic respiration in muscles

93
Q

what does the line moving to the right on the dissociation curve show

A

more readily haemoglobin disassociated its oxygen

94
Q

what is the effect carbon dioxide have on oxygen transport called

A

the Bohr effect

95
Q

what will c02 do to dissociation curves

A

will shift to the right

96
Q

what happens if the concentration of carbon dioxide increases

A

haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily

97
Q

what affect does carbon dioxide have at any oxygen partial pressure

A

the haemoglobin is less saturated with oxygen

98
Q

explain when the carbon dioxide levels are high

A

haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, so it is less efficient at loading oxygen and more efficient at unloading it

99
Q

2 reasons why oxygen is more readily unloaded by haemoglobin

A
  1. partial pressure of oxygen is lower, causes the haemoglobin to have a lower affinity for oxygen
  2. the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher, this also causes haemoglobin to have a lower affinity for oxygen (Bohr effect)
100
Q

what does the curve to the left show

A

haemoglobin is better at loading oxygen (foetal, llama, lugworm, myoglobin)

101
Q

what does the curve to the right show

A

haemoglobin is better at releasing (unloading) oxygen (in the presence of more carbon dioxide)

102
Q

explain the Bohr effect (in a red blood cell)
diagram..

A
  1. carbon dioxide defuses from the tissues into the plasma and the cell
  2. carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between water and carbon dioxide to get carbonic acid.
  3. carbonic acid dissociates and forms H+ and HCO3- ions.
  4. HCO3- ions diffuses out of the RBC into the blood. this causes the chloride shift to balance the charge and maintain the electrochemical neutrality
  5. oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen and combines with H+ ions to form haemoglobin acid. oxygen diffuses out of the RBC and into the plasma and is passes to respiring tissue by diffusion
103
Q

what does the Bohr effect allow

A

haemoglobin to release oxygen more readily

104
Q

what does haemoglobin combined with H+ ions have

A

a buffering effect which maintains the pH of the RBC cytoplasm

105
Q

what is the chloride shift

A

the diffusion of chloride ions from the plasma into the red blood cell, maintain electrical neutrality

106
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported in the blood

A

5% in dissolved solution in the plasma
10% is combined with haemoglobin in RBC
85% is in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions dissolved in the plasma

107
Q

what does the blood transport in the plasma

A

urea and carbon dioxide
nutrients
hormones
proteins
salts
heat

108
Q

3 types of proteins found in the plasma

A

albium
fibrinogen
antibodies

109
Q

what is albium involved in

A

helping to maintain osmotic balance

110
Q

what is fibrinogen involved in

A

involved in blood clotting

111
Q

what are antibodies for

A

immunity

112
Q

what are the products of digestion that are found in the plasma

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and vitamins

113
Q

examples of salts found in the plasma

A

sodium
potassium
chloride

114
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

thin permeable walls
large SA
blood flow slowly allowing time for exchange of material

115
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

blood is under pressure from the pumping of the heart and muscle contraction in artery and arteriole walls

116
Q

definition of tissue fluid

A

is plasma without the plasma proteins, forced through capillary walls, bathing cells and filling the spaces between them

117
Q

what causes diffusion of solutes in and out of capillaries

A
  • bloods hydrostatic pressure
  • solute potential/osmotic pressure
118
Q

what is the hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels

A

is the pressure of the blood against the capillary wall (opposing force to osmotic pressure)

119
Q

what does the osmotic pressure do as blood travels along capillaries/ how is it created

A

remains constant by the presence of circulating hydrophilic plasma proteins which are too large to diffuse out of the capillaries

120
Q

what is the hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

A

its higher them the opposing osmotic pressure in blood

121
Q

what does the high hydrostatic pressure do at the arteriolar end of the capillaries

A

forces fluid/water and nutrients from the plasma out of the capillaries and into surrounding tissues.

122
Q

what happens to the fluid/water and the cellular wastes in the tissues

A

they enter the capillaries at the venue end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure

123
Q

what is lymph

A

the fluid absorbed from between cells into lymph capillaries, rather than back into capillaries

Biology (12 decks)

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