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Operating Systems > 1.5 Resource Management > Flashcards

1.5 Resource Management Flashcards

1
Q

An operating system is a ______ manager.

A

resource

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2
Q

A program in execution is referred to as a ______.

A

process

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3
Q

A single-threaded process has one ______ specifying the next instruction to execute.

A

program counter

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4
Q

The resources that a process needs include CPU time, memory, files, and ______.

A

I/O devices

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5
Q

When a process terminates, the operating system will reclaim any ______ resources.

A

reusable

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6
Q

A program is a passive entity, whereas a process is an ______ entity.

A

active

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7
Q

The execution of a single-threaded process must be ______.

A

sequential

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8
Q

A multithreaded process has multiple program counters, each pointing to the next instruction to execute for a given ______.

A

thread

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9
Q

A system consists of a collection of processes, some of which are operating-system processes and the rest are ______ processes.

A

user

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10
Q

The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting both user and ______ processes.

A

system

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11
Q

The operating system schedules processes and threads on the ______.

A

CPUs

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12
Q

The operating system provides mechanisms for process ______.

A

synchronization

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13
Q

Processes can execute concurrently by multiplexing on a single CPU core or in ______ across multiple CPU cores.

A

parallel

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14
Q

Processes may be associated with the same program but are considered two separate ______ sequences.

A

execution

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15
Q

The operating system provides mechanisms for process ______.

A

communication

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16
Q

The main memory is central to the operation of a modern computer system and is a large array of _______.

A

bytes

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17
Q

Each byte in main memory has its own _______.

A

address

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18
Q

Main memory acts as a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the _______ and _______ devices.

A

CPU, I/O

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19
Q

During the instruction-fetch cycle, the CPU reads instructions from _______.

A

main memory

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20
Q

In a von Neumann architecture, the CPU both reads and writes data from _______.

A

main memory

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21
Q

The main memory is generally the only large storage device that the CPU can address and access _______.

A

directly

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22
Q

For the CPU to process data from disk, the data must first be transferred to _______ by CPU-generated I/O calls.

A

main memory

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23
Q

Instructions must be in _______ for the CPU to execute them.

A

memory

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24
Q

For a program to be executed, it must be mapped to absolute addresses and loaded into _______.

A

memory

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25
As the program executes, it accesses program instructions and data from memory by generating these _______.
absolute addresses
26
When a program terminates, its memory space is declared _______.
available
27
To improve CPU utilization and speed of response, general-purpose computers must keep several programs in _______.
memory
28
Memory management schemes reflect various approaches and the effectiveness of any given algorithm depends on the _______.
situation
29
When selecting a memory-management scheme, we must consider many factors, especially the _______ design of the system.
hardware
30
Each memory management algorithm requires its own _______ support.
hardware
31
The operating system is responsible for keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and which _______ is using them.
process
32
The operating system is responsible for _______ and deallocating memory space as needed.
allocating
33
The operating system decides which processes and data to move into and out of _______.
memory
34
The operating system provides a uniform, logical view of information storage to make the computer system convenient for users by abstracting from the physical properties of its storage devices to define a logical storage unit, the _______.
file
35
File management is one of the most visible components of an _______.
operating system
36
The most common type of storage is _______ storage.
secondary
37
_______ storage is also possible alongside secondary storage.
Tertiary
38
Each type of storage media has its own characteristics and physical _______.
organization
39
Most storage media are controlled by a device, such as a _______.
disk drive
40
Properties of storage devices include access speed, capacity, data-transfer rate, and access method (______ or random).
sequential
41
A file is a collection of related information defined by its _______.
creator
42
Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and _______.
data
43
Data files may be numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric, or _______.
binary
44
Files may be free form (for example, text files) or they may be _______ rigidly.
formatted
45
The concept of a file is an extremely general _______.
one
46
The operating system implements the abstract concept of a file by managing _______ media and the devices that control them.
mass storage
47
Files are normally organized into _______ to make them easier to use.
directories
48
When multiple users have access to files, it may be desirable to control which user may access a file and how that user may access it (for example, ______, write, append).
read
49
The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting _______.
files
50
The operating system is responsible for creating and deleting _______ to organize files.
directories
51
The operating system supports primitives for manipulating files and _______.
directories
52
The operating system is responsible for mapping files onto _______ storage.
mass
53
The operating system is responsible for backing up files on _______ storage media.
stable (nonvolatile)
54
Most modern computer systems use _______ and NVM devices as the principal on-line storage media.
HDDs
55
Programs such as compilers, web browsers, and games are stored on _______ until loaded into memory.
HDDs
56
The operating system is responsible for activities related to _______ storage management.
secondary
57
One of the responsibilities of the operating system in secondary storage management is _______.
mounting and unmounting
58
Efficient use of secondary storage is crucial because the entire speed of operation of a computer may hinge on the speeds of the _______.
secondary storage subsystem
59
Some uses for storage that is slower and lower in cost than secondary storage include _______ of disk data.
backups
60
Tertiary storage devices include _______ drives and their tapes.
magnetic tape
61
An example of a tertiary storage device is _______.
CD, DVD, or Blu-ray
62
Tertiary storage is not crucial to system performance, but it still must be _______.
managed
63
Some operating systems manage tertiary storage while others leave this task to _______.
application programs
64
Functions that operating systems can provide for tertiary storage include _______ and unmounting media.
mounting
65
The operating system can allocate and free devices for _______ use by processes.
exclusive
66
Migrating data from secondary to _______ storage is a function of some operating systems.
tertiary
67
Information is normally kept in some storage system such as _______.
main memory
68
When we need a particular piece of information, we first check whether it is in the _______.
cache
69
If the information is not in the cache, we use the information from the _______.
source
70
Internal programmable _______ provide a high-speed cache for main memory.
registers
71
The programmer or compiler implements the _______ and register-replacement algorithms.
register allocation
72
Most systems have an _______ cache to hold the instructions expected to be executed next.
instruction
73
Without the instruction cache, the CPU would have to wait several cycles while an instruction was fetched from _______.
main memory
74
Cache management is an important design problem due to the _______ of caches.
limited size
75
Careful selection of the cache size and of a _______ can result in greatly increased performance.
replacement policy
76
The movement of information between levels of a storage hierarchy may be either _______ or implicit.
explicit
77
Data transfer from cache to CPU and registers is usually a _______ function.
hardware
78
Transfer of data from _______ to memory is usually controlled by the operating system.
disk
79
In a hierarchical storage structure, the same data may appear in different _______ of the storage system.
levels
80
The increment operation proceeds by first issuing an I/O operation to copy the disk block on which A resides to _______.
main memory
81
The value of A becomes the same only after the new value of A is written from the internal register back to the _______.
hard disk
82
In a multitasking environment, extreme care must be taken to ensure that each process obtains the most recently updated value of _______.
A
83
In a multiprocessor environment, each of the CPUs contains a local _______.
cache
84
The situation where an update to the value of A in one cache is reflected in all other caches is called _______.
cache coherency
85
In a distributed environment, several copies of the same file can be kept on _______.
different computers
86
Some distributed systems ensure that when a replica is updated in one place, all other replicas are brought _______ as soon as possible.
up to date
87
One of the purposes of an operating system is to hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the _____.
user
88
In UNIX, the peculiarities of I/O devices are hidden from the bulk of the operating system itself by the _____.
I/O subsystem
89
The I/O subsystem consists of several components, including a memory-management component that includes _____, caching, and spooling.
buffering
90
The I/O subsystem includes a general _____ interface.
device-driver
91
Only the _____ knows the peculiarities of the specific device to which it is assigned.
device driver
92
Interrupt handlers and device drivers are used in the construction of efficient _____ subsystems.
I/O
93
The I/O subsystem interfaces to the other system components, manages devices, transfers data, and detects _____ completion.
I/O

Operating Systems (7 decks)

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