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Finals term 1 > bio term test 1 > Flashcards

bio term test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology

A

study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

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2
Q

what assemble into larger units called tissue

A

cells in the body

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3
Q

cells are held together by what

A

cell junctions

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4
Q

what are the cell junctions

A

Anchoring junction
gap junction
tight junction

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5
Q

what aare the three types of anchoring junction

A

desmosome
adherens
hemidesmosomes

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6
Q

what is between the cells

A

extracellular matrix

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7
Q

what secretes and synthesisez the extracellular matrix

A

cells in the tissue

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8
Q

what are the four primary types in the human body

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nueronal

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9
Q

what is pat of the nervous tissue

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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10
Q

what is part of the muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle

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11
Q

example of the epithelial tissue

A

linning of GI tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis)

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12
Q

what is parrt of the connective tissue

A

fat and other soft padding tissue

bone

tendon

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13
Q

what is the functions of the epethelial cells

A
  • Epithelia protects the internal enviroment of the individual
  • Regulate exchange of material between the external enviroment and internal enviroment
  • epithelia consist of ne or more layers of cells connected to one another and to a basal lamina ( basement membrane)
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14
Q

any material that moves between the internal and external enviroment must cross the ..

A

epithilium

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15
Q

5 types of epithelia

A

-exchange
- ciliated
= secretory
- transporting
- protective

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16
Q

what does exchange epitheliaa do

A

rapid exchange of material

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17
Q

what does ciliated epithelia do and where can they be found

A

they line airways and found in female reproductive tract

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18
Q

what does secretory epithelia do

A

synthesize and release products into the external environment/blood

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19
Q

whaat does transporting epithelia do

A

selective transport of materal

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20
Q

where is the protective epithila found

A

on the surface of the body

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21
Q

what does connective tissue provie

A

structural support and barriers

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22
Q

does the connective tissue have an extensive intraellular matrix

A

no it has a extensive extracellular matrix, and contains proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, and fibronectin

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23
Q

what are the ficve types of connective tissue

A
  • loose
  • dense
  • adipose
  • blood
  • supporting
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24
Q

what is loose connective tissue and example

A

elastic tissue, e.g. tissue underlying the skin

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25
Q

what is the function of dense connective tissue and e.g

A

strengh is the primary function, e.g tendons

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26
Q

what does adipose conective tissue contain and e.g

A

contains adipose, e.g white fat

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27
Q

what is the blood connective tissue

A

watery matrix lacking insoluble protien fibers

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28
Q

what is supporting connective tisue, e.g

A

dense substances, e.g. cartilage and bone

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29
Q

what is a muscle

A

it has the ability to conract to produce force and movement

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30
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

31
Q

what is skeletal muscle responsible for

A

for gross body movement

32
Q

what is smooth muscles responsible for

A

for influencing the movement of substances into/out of/within the body

33
Q

where is the cardiac muscle found and what its function

A

found only in the heat, contraction moves blood through the body

34
Q

what does nueral tissue do

A

carry information from one part of the body to another

35
Q

how much ECM is there in nueral tissue

A

very little

36
Q

what are the two types of cells in nueral tissue

A

nuerons
glial cells

37
Q

wwhat do nuerons do

A

carry information as electrical or chemical signals

38
Q

what do glial cells do

A

supportinng cells for nuerons

39
Q

what does function ean in physiology

A

the why

40
Q

what does the mechanism mean in physiology

A

the how

41
Q

physiologist study mechanism to understand the what

A

function

42
Q

what is homeostasis

A

it is the maintenance of a relaticely stable internal enviroment

43
Q

what does homeostasis involve a series of

A

automatic control mechanisms

44
Q

what is the result of homeostatic control

A

oscillation around a set-point that can change with time

45
Q

what is acclimatization

A

enviromentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change

46
Q

what will happen if failure to aintain homeostasis

A

will disrupt function and may result in a disease state

47
Q

what are the 4 basic mechanisms of cell to cell communication

A

gap junctions, contact dependent signals, local communication, long distance communication

48
Q

what is gap junctions and where are they found?

how do they comminicate

A
  • known as dirct cell to cell communitcation
  • communication betwween cells occurs via protien channels between adjecent cells
  • gap junctions are capable of opening and closing
  • are found in many cell types like heart
49
Q

what is the contact - dependent signal and where can it be found

A
  • this tpe of communication is from the interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
  • found in immune cells and during development
50
Q

what are local communications and how do they occur

A

local communication is communication with neighbouring cells

occurs via paracrine and aoutocrine signals

51
Q

what are paracrine signals

A

they are chemicals secreted by ccells which act on neighbouring cells.

they act on immediate vicinity

52
Q

what are autocrine signals

A

chemiclas that act on the cell that produces them

53
Q

what are long distance communcation responible for

A

the nercous system and endocrine system

54
Q

what does the nervous system use a combination of

A

chemical and electrical signals

55
Q

what does the endocrine system use

A

chemical signals that are known as hormones

56
Q

why doo some cells respond to chemical signals and others do not

A
  1. target cells have various receptor protiens
  2. only respond to a chemical signal if they have the appropriate receptor
57
Q

what are receptors usually

A

they are ussually transmembrane protien ( or glycoprotiens)

and ussually found in plasma membrane but can be intracellular (cytosolic or nuclear)

58
Q

what are the three domains of membrane spanning receptors and what are thier properties

A
  1. exracellular domain- involved in binding the ligand ( chemical signal)
  2. trans-membrane domain: hydrophobic
  3. intracellular (cyoplasmic ) domain - involved in activating the cellular responce
59
Q

true or false

not every moleculte that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elict the responce

A

false any moleculr that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elict the responce

60
Q

which pathways can maintain homeostasis

A

local and long-distaance pathways

61
Q

what is reflex control

A

it is long distance pathways that mainain homeostasis including nervous and endocrine systems

62
Q

for homeostatic control stabiliti is the result of balance between

A

input and output

63
Q

for homeostatic control (blank) returns variable to original condition

A

negative feedback

64
Q

for homeostatic control, homeostativ systems maintain….

A

similarity not constancy

65
Q

t or f

for homeostatic control set points can be reset

A

t

66
Q

t or f

for homeostatic control all varuabkes are cintrolled equally

A

f

some variables are controlled more closely than others

67
Q

for homeostatic control most control systems require

A

communication between cells

68
Q

responce loops start with …

A

a stimulus and result in a response

69
Q

what controls the reponse loop

A

feedback pathways

70
Q

what are the three types of feedback/ control systems to regulate the responce loops

A

negative feedback

positive feedback

feedforward control

71
Q

what is negative feedback control

A

negative feedback results in a change that opposes or removes the signal thus returning the variable to its orignal value

allows for homeostatic control

72
Q

what does negative feedback system result in

A

it results in oscillation around the set-point

73
Q

what does positive feedback do

A

sends a signal and sends the variable further from the set point until and external signal turns the response off

not homeostatic

sends system temporarily out of conrol

74
Q
A

Finals term 1 (8 decks)

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