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Finals term 1 > Bio unit 3 > Flashcards

Bio unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a muscle

A

tissue specialized to convert biochemical reactions into mechanical work

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2
Q

what are the 2 main functions of a muscle

A

motion and force

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3
Q

what are the types of muscles

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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4
Q

3 properties of a muscle function

A
  • can only contract
  • cannot expand except when physically pulled by antagonistic muscle group
  • Also generate heat and contribute to body temperature homeostasis
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5
Q

properties of skeletal muscle

A

attache to bones oof the skeleten

contract in response to signal from somatic motor nueron conot initiate contraction on its own or inflenced by hormones

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6
Q

what muscle type is the primary muscle of internal organs and tubes and what are its other properties

A

smooth

inflences movement of matterials through the body

no stirations

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7
Q

properties of cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart pump to move blood around the body

has strations

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8
Q

how do skeletal bones atach to the bones and what is it made up of

A

tendons, composed of dense regular connective tissue, callogen ( a proetien arranged into cable-like fibers)

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9
Q

what is the outer connective tissue of skeletal muscles

A

epimysium

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10
Q

what is the epimysium in the skeletal muscle contain

A

bundles of muscle tissue called fasicles

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11
Q

what is the fasicle covered by

A

perimysium, a connective tissue sheath

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12
Q

what contains nerves and blood vessels

A

perimysium

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13
Q

what are found within each fasicle

A

muscle fibres

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14
Q

what is the musche fiber covered by

A

an innermost connective tissue sheath, enomysium

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15
Q

within each each muscle fibre what are found

A

myofibrils

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16
Q

why are there no organells found in skeletal muscle

A

because too many myofibrils

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17
Q

what is the structure of a muscle fibre

A

long, cylindirical cell

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17
Q

what does the cytosol in the skeletal muscle contain and what they do

A

glycogen granules ( energy storage), and mitochondia ( ATPP synthesis)

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18
Q

what is sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane in muscle fibre

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19
Q

what is found in hundreds on the surface of the muscle fibre

A

nuclei

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20
Q

what is myofibrils

A

contractile and elasic protien bundles and takes majority of space in muscle fibre

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21
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulumn

A

specialized endoplasmic reticlumn and are found in the muscle fibre

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22
Q

what is associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and what is theri function

A

a series of branching tubes called T-tubules/transverse tubles which ais a lumen continous with the ECF, they allow for rapid action potential diffusion into the muscle fibre

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23
Q

what do T-tubles that are closely associated with the terminal cisternae do?

A

sequester Ca2+

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24
Q

what does one T-tuble with flanking terminal cisternae do

A

triad

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25
Q

what do myofibriles arganixed by

A

highly organized by bundles of contractile elastic protiens,

  1. contractile proties
  2. regulatory protiens
  3. accessory protiens
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26
Q

what does the contractile protine consist of and what is it part of

A

consist of actin and myosin part of the myofibril

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27
Q

what does the regulatory protiens consist of and what is it part of

A

toponin and tropomyosin

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28
Q

what does the accessory protien consist of and what it involved in

A

nebulin ( aligns thin filaments) and titin( elastic protien that retuns stretched musle to relaxed state)

29
Q

what is myosin

A

a motor protien that consists of two coulied protien molecules (chians) that have two important parts, head and tail

30
Q

what does a lot of myosin make and how they arranged

A

thick filament arranges so that the heads are at the ends and the tails are together

31
Q

what are actin sub unit

A

-actin

32
Q

what the g-actin do and what in makes

A

polymerize to fomr a chain f-actin ( filaments)

33
Q

what do f actin do

A

they are colied uo and associate with regulatory protiens, toponin and tropomyosin

34
Q

what does troponin and tropomyosin do

A

they regulate muscle contraction and form the complete thin filament

35
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

the striations found on the myofibrils

36
Q

what results in a striation

A

thich and thin filament organization, Z-line, I band, A band, H zone, M line

37
Q

what are z-line (disks)

A

this is the site of attachement for thin filaments, one sarcomere is made of 2 Z discs and the filaments between them

38
Q

what is the I band (isotropic)

A

this is a region conataing oly thin filaments

a Z disk runs through the middle of an I band, this each 1/2 of the I band is art of a different sacomere

39
Q

A band (anisotropic)

A

this is a region containing thick and thin filaments

the thick and thin filaments overlap at the outer edges of the A band

the centre is occupied by thick filaments only

40
Q

H zone ( part of the A band)

A

this is a region containing only thick filaments

the central region is lighter than the outer edges

41
Q

M line

A

this is a site of attachment for the thick filaments

the M line is the centre of the sarcomere

42
Q

what is muscle contraction

A

the force created by contracting muscle whereas the load is a weight or force that opposes the contraction

43
Q

what does the a-band do in muscle contraction

A

they remain constant so the myosin shortening could not be responsible for muscle contraction

44
Q

what is responsible for muscle contraction

A

sliding filament theory

45
Q

explain sliding filament theory

A

at rest the ends of thick(myosin) and thin ( actin) filaments overlap slightly within each sarcomere

thick and thin filaments slide past each other with no change in the lenghth of the filaments themesleves

the thin (actin) filaments slide along the thick (myosin) filaments towards the M line of the sarcomere this brings the Z disks closer

46
Q

what is the only way to stimulate a skeletal muscle contraction

A

when stimulated by a signal from the nervous system

47
Q

what is excitation-contraction and how does it occur

A

coupling series of electrical and mechanical events in a muscle that leads to muscle contratction,

occurs through an action potential in the muscle membrane, the EPPs are essentially always above threshold and cause muscle to contract

48
Q

explain the steps of contraction

A

page 66

49
Q

what is the myosin

A

a motor protien capable of converting chemical energy to (ATP) into movement

50
Q

explain crossbridge cycle

A

page 67

51
Q

during contraction what crossbridges are involved

A

not all move simulaneuosly only 50% are attached to actin and cause muscle contraction

52
Q

what is the riger state

A

when no nuclleoride bind to the myosin head

53
Q

what is the power stroke

A

the swinging back of the myosin

54
Q

when does skeletal muscle relaxation occur

A

when Ca2+ is pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic reticulumn through the Ca2+ ATPase

55
Q

explain the steps of skeletal muscle relaxation

A

page 68

56
Q

muscles convert biochemical energy into…

A

mechanical work

57
Q

what conrols muscle contraction and where it from

A

Ca2+, removed from the cytosol by Ca2+-ATPase

58
Q

how are Na+ and K+ ions pumped back and into/out of the cell

A

using ATP, sodium potasium ATPase does the reverse pumping

59
Q

production of ATp can hapenn…..

A

aerobically and anerobically

60
Q

what circumstances can Glycolisys be perfomed in and how much ATP does it yeild

A

can be done aerobic and anaerobic, produces 2 ATP

61
Q

what does glycolisis do anaerobicaly

A

produces lacic acid

62
Q

explain oxidative metabolism

A

oxidative metabolism provides up to 15x more ATP per glucose molecule, does not produce toxic end products

oxidative metabolism provides most of the energy required for muscle contraction when oxygen is available

63
Q

what is creatine phosphate

A

a high energy phosphate molecule, in addition to ATP. highly concentrated in muscle and provides a rapid source of energy for the muscle.

REsting muscles store energy in creatine phosphate

64
Q

what does Creatine phosphate do

A

easily donates the inorganic phosphate ti ADP to create ATP, provides a limited supply of ATP.

Used mainly to buffer (ATP) over very short time scales

65
Q

what is creatine kinase

A

catalizes the reaction: creatine phosphate + ADP too create ATP + creatine

66
Q

what are the two important terms relating to muscle contraction and what do they mean

A

twitch = single contraction-relaxation cycle
Latent period=short delay between the AP and the beginning of the muscle tension, this is the time it takes dor excitation-contraction coupling to occur

67
Q

what are the three general types f muscle fibres

A
  1. slow-twitch oxidative fibres(type1)
  2. fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres (type 11A)
  3. Fast twitch glycolytic fibers (type 11x)
68
Q

what is myoglobin

A

an oxygen-carrying haeme protien wich makes oxidative fibers ussually appear red

69
Q

qualities of oxidative fiber

A

are smaller than glycolytic fibers, have numerous mitochondira and are better vascularized

70
Q

explain fast and slow

A

refers to the rate of myosin ATPase activity

Dast fibers can split ATP more quickly and can contract/develop tension faster, results of hte presence of different isoforms of myosin

71
Q
A

Finals term 1 (8 decks)

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