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Exercise Physiology > Hormonal Responses to Exercise W2 > Flashcards

Hormonal Responses to Exercise W2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are hormones secreted from?

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

What are the 4 process which maintain plasma glucose during fasting or exercise?

A

1) Mobilisation of glucose from liver glycogen stores

2) Mobilisation of FFA from adipose tissue

3) Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid and glycerol

4) Blocking the entry of glucose into cells

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3
Q

What are the “permissive” or slow-acting hormones?

A

Thyroxine
Cortisol
Growth hormone

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4
Q

What are the fast-acting hormones?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Insulin
Glucagon

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5
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

1) Influences the number of receptor on the surface of a cell for other hormones to interact with

2) Influences the affinity of the receptor for the hormone

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6
Q

What does Triiodothyronine (T3) do?

A

It enhances effects of epinephrine to mobilise free fatty acids from adipose tissue

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7
Q

What interferes with the ability of other hormones to mobilise fuel for exercise?

A

Hypothyroid state

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8
Q

What are growth hormones 2 primary functions?

A

1) Essential for growth of all tissues

2)Spares plasma glucose

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9
Q

How does the growth hormone promote tissue growth?

A

Increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

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10
Q

How does the growth hormone spare plasma glucose?

A

Reduces the use of plasma glucose
Increases gluconeogenesis
Mobilises fatty acids from adipose tissue

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11
Q

What causes an increase in plasma growth hormone?

A

Increase in exercise intensity

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12
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Steroid hormone derived from cholesterol and secreted from the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

What is cortisol stimulated by?

A

Stress (ACTH)
Exercise

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14
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Contributes to the maintenance of plasma glucose by a variety of mechanisms

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15
Q

What are the 2 major considerations when looking at cortisol?

A

Diurnal variation
Events other than exercise

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16
Q

What is diurnal variation?

A

Concentrations peak in the am and drop throughout the day

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17
Q

What is the direct effect of cortisol mediated by?

A

Mediated through the slow process of DNA transcription and translation to protein synthesis

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18
Q

What are the 2 different catecholamines?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

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19
Q

Where are catecholamines secreted from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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20
Q

What are effects of catecholamines dependent on?

A

Hormone used
Receptor type

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21
Q

What do catecholamines bind too?

A

Adrenergic receptors

22
Q

What are adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha receptors
Beta receptors

23
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Fast-acting hormones

24
Q

What happens to plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine during exercise?

A

Increases

25
Q

Why does plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine increase during exercise?

A

As there is an increase in heart rate and blood pressure (due to sympathetic activation)

26
Q

How do catecholamines react to endurance training during a fixed intensity exercise bout?

A

It causes a very rapid decrease in response

27
Q

How much higher capacity does a trained individual have compared to an untrained to increase there catecholamine capacity?

A

35%

28
Q

How does supramaximal exercise influence catecholamines?

A

Increases them due to regular stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system= increases capacity to respond to extreme challenges

29
Q

What causes greater and more rapid glycogen depletion?

A

High-intensity exercise

30
Q

What is glycogenolysis related to?

A

Exercise intensity

31
Q

What is the power simulator of glycogenolysis?

A

Plasma epinephrine via the beta-1 receptor

32
Q

What results in greater increases of plasma epinephrine?

A

High-intensity exercise

33
Q

What type of control is the breakdown of muscle glycogen under?

A

Dual control (redundant)

34
Q

What activates protein kinase?

A

Ca++ ions binding to calmodulin

35
Q

What is the relationship between an intact sympathoadrenal system and glycogenolysis like?

A

It does not necessarily initiate glycogenolysis

36
Q

What functions are in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine (secreted via ducts)
Endocrine functions (directly into the blood)

37
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes counter-regulatory hormone from the islets of Langerhans

38
Q

What are the 2 counter-regulatory hormones secreted from the islets of Langerhans?

A

Glucagon
Insulin

39
Q

What does glucagon do (from alpha cells)?

A

Promotes mobilisation of fatty acids and glucose
Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver

40
Q

What does insulin do (from beta cells)?

A

Promotes the storage of glucose, amino acids and fats
drives uptake and storage of substrates to lower their levels in plasma

41
Q

What provides control of mobilisation of glucose and FFA?

A

The ratio of glucagon to insulin

42
Q

What is the primary stimulus for secretion of insulin and glucagon?

A

Plasma glucose

43
Q

What can cause insulin concentrations to drop by 50%?

A

Moderate-intensity exercise

44
Q

What does moderate-intensity exercise favour which causes the drop in insulin concentrations?

A

Favours the mobilisation of glucose from the liver and FFA from adipose tissue

45
Q

When can the SNS modify hormone secretion?

A

When plasma glucose is relatively constant (trained individuals)

46
Q

How does endurance training effect SNS response?

A

Decreases the response to a fixed bout of exercise

47
Q

What hormones mobilise fat and CHO and preserve blood glucose?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Growth hormone
Cortisol
Glucagon

48
Q

What hormone does not mobilise fat and CHO and preserve blood glucose?

A

Insulin

49
Q

Why does FFA oxidation decrease during exercise?

A

1) High levels of lactic acid
2) Elevated H+ concentration which inhibits HSL
3) Inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
4) Insufficient albumin to transport FFA in plasma

50
Q

What is the impact of endurance training on hormone-substrate interaction?

A

Decreases the lactate concentration at any fixed work rate, which reduces the inhibition to FFA mobilisation from adipose tissue

When combined with an training-induced increase in mitochondria, the trained person can use more fat as fuel, spare the limited CHO stores and improve performance

Exercise Physiology (24 decks)

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