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Exercise Physiology > ANS and Cardiovascular system W3 > Flashcards

ANS and Cardiovascular system W3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cholinergic?

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

What is adrenergic?

A

Norepinephrine

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3
Q

What causes the initial increase of heart rate at the onset of exercise?

A

Initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal

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4
Q

What causes the later increase of heart rate at the onset of exercise?

A

Due to SNS outflow

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5
Q

What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (“preload”)

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6
Q

What is average aortic blood pressure?

A

Pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood (“afterload”)
Mean arterial pressure

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7
Q

What regulates stroke volume?

A

End-diastolic volume
Average aortic blood pressure
Strength of the ventricular (contractility)

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8
Q

What is the strength of the ventricular (contractility) enhanced by?

A

Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
Direct sympathetic stimulation of heart

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9
Q

What is end-diastolic volume dependent on?

A

Venous return

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10
Q

How is venous return increased?

A

Vasoconstriction
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump

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10
Q

What is frank starling mechanism?

A

Greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction

(due to stretch of ventricles)

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11
Q

How is vasoconstriction increased?

A

Via SNS

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12
Q

How is skeletal muscle pump increased?

A

Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities toward the heart

One-way valves in veins prevent backflow of blood

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13
Q

How is respiratory pump increased?

A

Changes in thoracic pressure pull blood towards the heart

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14
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

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15
Q

What is formula for cardiac output?

A

Q= HR x SV

HR= Cardiac Rate
SV= Stroke Volume

16
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure generated during ventricular contraction

17
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

18
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic

19
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Average pressure in the arteries

20
Q

What are determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Cardiac Output
Total Vascular resistance

21
Q

What is total vascular resistance?

A

Sum of resistance to blood flow

22
Q

What is the formula for MAP?

A

MAP= Cardiac Output x Total Vascular Resistance

23
Q

What is short-term regulation for arterial blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Baroreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries

24
Q

How does blood pressure influence SNS activity?

A

Increase in BP= Decreased SNS activity
Decrease in BP= Increased SNS activity

25
Q

What is long-term regulation for arterial blood pressure?

A

Kidneys (via control of blood volume)

26
Q

What mechanisms increase blood flow delivery to exercising skeletal muscle?

A

Increased cardiac output
Redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to the working skeletal muscle

27
Q

What is cardiac output increase during exercise directly proportional to?

A

The metabolic rate required to perform the exercise

28
Q

What are circulatory responses to exercise dependent on?

A

Type, Intensity, Duration of Exercise
Environmental Conditions
Emotional influence pre-exercise and during submaximal exercise

29
Q

What are the circulatory responses to exercise?

A

Changes in heart rate
Changes in blood pressure

30
Q

What happens at the onset of exercise?

A

Rapid increase in heart rate, SV, Cardiac output
Plateau in submaximal exercise (below lactate threshold)

31
Q

What happens during exercise to recovery stage?

A

Decrease in HR, SV and Cardiac Output toward resting levels

Depends on duration/intensity of exercise and training state of subject

32
Q

What happens to heat rate and cardiac output during incremental exercise?

A

Increases linearly with increasing work rate
Reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max

33
Q

What happens to blood pressure during incremental exercise?

A

Mean arterial pressure increases linearly
- Systolic BP increases
- Diastolic BP remains fairly constant

34
Q

What happens to cardiac output during prolonged exercise at a constant work rate?

A

It is maintained
Gradual decrease in stroke volume= due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume

35
Q

What happens to heart rate during prolonged exercise?

A

Gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise (cardiovascular drift)

Exercise Physiology (24 decks)

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