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Clinical > White blood cells > Flashcards

White blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of WBC’s

A

1- Mononuclear
2- Polymorphonucleaur
3- Phagocytes

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2
Q

What comes under mononuclear WBC’s

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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3
Q

what comes under poly… WBC’s

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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4
Q

What are normal neutrophil levels

A

1.8 - 7.5 (x 10^9)

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5
Q

what raises neutrophil levels

A

Bacterial infections, stress, exercise, and myeloproliferative diseases like leukemia.

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6
Q

what are normal lymphocyte levels

A

1.5 - 4.0 (x 10^9)

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7
Q

what raises lymphocyte levels

A

viral infections and lymphoproliferative diseases

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8
Q

What are normal monocyte levels.

A

0.2 - 0.8 (x 10^9)

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9
Q

what raises monocytes

A

infection, inflammation, tissue damage, monocytic leukaemia

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10
Q

what are normal eosinophils levels

A

0 - 0.4 (x 10^9)

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11
Q

what raises eosinophils

A

allergy, intestinal parasites, hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukemia.

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12
Q

what are normal basophil levels

A

0.01 - 0.1

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13
Q

what raises basophils

A

some myeloproliferative diseases.

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14
Q

What is the main role of a neutrophil

A

The elimination of invading bacteria and some fungi

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15
Q

What is the main role of a Eosinophils

A

Elimination of parasites, regulation of local immune and inflammatory responses.

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16
Q

What are the main roles of basophils

A

Immune system regulation, secretion of heparin and histamine, allergy, inflammation, and parasite defense.

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17
Q

What is nomenclature

A

staining granulocytes granules with Romanowsky stains

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18
Q

how are neutrophils stained

A

neutral-staining

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19
Q

how are eosinophils stained

A

with eosin (orange)

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20
Q

how are basophils stained

A

intensely with methylene blue

21
Q

Where are neutrophils produced/matured

A

T cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and placenta.

22
Q

Where are eosinophils produced/matured

A

T cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts.

23
Q

Where are basophils produced/matured

A

T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts

24
Q

what is the maturation process of granulocytes

A

Blasts - promyelocytes - myelocytes - metamyelocytes - band form neutrophils - neutrophils

25
Q

What is the daily granulocyte turnover

A

50 - 320 x10^9. About 370,000/sec

26
Q

What and where is the neutrophil lifespan

A

They spend 7 hours in the peripheral blood, migrate randomly into tissues, and stay there for 20 hours. Often lost in the GI tract.

27
Q

what and where is the eosinophil lifespan

A

8-12 hours in circulation then 8-12 days in tissues.

28
Q

What and where is the basophil lifespan

A

between a few hours and a few days

29
Q

What 2 things make up a neutrophils function

A

1- location by chemotaxis.
2- phagocytosis

30
Q

why does chemotaxis require a vessel wall adhesion

A

When there is tissue damage it is easier to migrate to the tissue by adhesive membrane glycoprotein receptors.

31
Q

why does chemotaxis need movement up a concentration gradient

A

Chemo-attractants bind to a specific neutrophil surface receptors.

32
Q

What is the motility of a neutrophil

A

they are only able to crawl not swim

33
Q

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

1- Opsonisation (coating) with IgM or IgG antibodies.
2- Particle attaches to a neutrophil via a receptor for the opsonin.
3- Pseudopodia enclose particle, which is ingested.
4- Microbial killing within 20 mins.

34
Q

What are extracellular traps

A

Webs of DNA and proteases that trap and kill bacteria, produced by neutrophils

35
Q

How do neutrophils ‘ nuclei shape affect their function

A

Lobulated nucleus to aid deformability and motility

36
Q

What are the types of neutrophil granules

A

primary, secondary, and tertiary

37
Q

What is myeloperoxidase definitely

A

A defect in microbial killing

38
Q

What is respiratory burst failure

A

A inherited defect that causes metabolic failure of microbial killing

39
Q

What is neonate neutrophils

A

They only have 20-27% chemotactic activity

40
Q

What are eosinophils functions

A

To remove parasitic worms (helminth) infections by antibody dependent cell mediated toxicity. They are also key mediators of allergic inflammation.

41
Q

Where are eosinophils found

A

The thymus, lower gi tract, ovary, uterus, spleen and lymph nodes. Found in the lunch in the case of airborne allergy

42
Q

What is antibody dependent cell mediated toxicity

A

A mechanism of cell mediated immune defence where an effector cell actively lyses a target cell

43
Q

Where do basophils mature

A

On the bone marrow for 2-7 days before circulating for 2 weeks

44
Q

What do basophils do

A

Orchestrate local immunologic and inflammatory reactions. They secrete histamine and heparin

45
Q

What is histamine

A

A chemotactic agent for eosinophils

46
Q

What is heparin

A

An anticoagulant

47
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Produce a number of adhesions which allows adhesions to surfaces such as endothelial cells. They can also release cytokines and kill infected host cells

48
Q

What is the lifespan of a monocyte

A

Most are 24 hours

Clinical (29 decks)

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