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microbiology > Chapter 4 Bacteria + Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Bacteria + Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

Packaging of DNA in Bacteria and Archea

A

Nuclear material that is free in cytoplasm

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2
Q

Bacteria + Archaea Internal Structure

A

have no membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Bacteria cell appendages

A

Flagella, Pilus, Nanowires and Fimbriae

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4
Q

Bacteria Cell Surface Layers

A

S layer and Glycocalyx

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5
Q

Bacterial cell boundary

A

Cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

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6
Q

Bacterial cell internal properties

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid/chromosome, cytoskeleton, endospore, plasmid, Microcompartments

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7
Q

Nanowires/nanotubes

A

Membrane extensions that allow bacteria to transmit electrons or nutrients to other bacteria or onto environmental surfaces

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8
Q

Endospore formation

A

-triggered by lack of nutrients
-usually Gram-positive bacteria
-enables bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods
-bacterium divides within its cell wall

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9
Q

Bacteria carry out all life activities which are?

A

-Reproduction
-Metabolism
-Nutrient processing

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10
Q

bacteria acting as a group

A

-Colonies
-Biofilm

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11
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

-Coccus (round)
-Coccobacillus (round rod)
-Bacillus (rod)
- Vibrio (Curved)
-Spirillum (spiral)
-Spirochete (tight spiral)

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12
Q

Pleomorphism

A

-Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species

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13
Q

Cocci Grouping

A

-Coccus (single sphere)
-Diplococci (pairs)
-Tetrad (groups of four)
- Staphylococci (irregular clusters)
- Streptococci (chains)
- Sarcina (cubical packet of 8, 16 or more)

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14
Q

Bacilli Arrangements

A

-Bacillus (single)
- Diplobacilli (Pairs of cells w/ ends attached)
-Streptobacilli (chains of cells)
-Palisades (side by side row of cells)

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15
Q

Bacterial Appendages for motility

A

-Flagella: rotates 360 degrees
-Axial filaments

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16
Q

Bacterial appendages for attachment or channel formation

A

PIlus/pili
Fimbria/fimbriae
nanowires

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17
Q

Three distinct parts of flagella

A

-Filament :composed of protein inserted into hook
-Hook: curved and tubular, attached to basal body
-Basal body: composed a rod and rings anchored through the cell wall to the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane.

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18
Q

Flagellar arrangement

A

-Polar: Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous
-Peritrichous

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19
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A

Single flagellum

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20
Q

Lophotrichous flagella

A

Small bunches or tufts of flagella

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21
Q

Amphitrichous flagella

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

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22
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

Dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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23
Q

Run and Tumbles

A

Run: counterclockwise movement of flagellum in a straight line
Tumble: reverses direction causing cell to stop and change course

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24
Q

Positive Chemotaxis

A

Movement of a cell toward a favorable chemicle stimulus

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25
Q

Negative Chemotaxis

A

Movement of a cell away from repellent or harmful compound

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26
Q

Phototaxis

A

Movement toward light

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27
Q

Axial filament

A

-Motility appendage for spirochetes
-They are internal flagellum enclosed between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane
-Twisting or flexing movement

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28
Q

pili/pilus

A

-Mostly found in Gram neg bacteria
-Used in Conjugation (partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
-production of Pilus is controlled genetically

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29
Q

Fimbriae

A

-Bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of some bacteria
-Tendency to stick to each other and surfaces
-Responsible for biofilms
(E. Coli)

30
Q

S layer on a bacteria

A

-Thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like armor.
-Provides protection from environment
-Only produced in hostile enviroments

31
Q

Glycocalyx (key to biofilms)

A

Repeating polysaccharide units that may or may not include protein
-Aids in protection and adhesion
-Forms a slime layer or capsule

32
Q

Slime layer

A

-Forms loosely around cell
-Protect cell from loss of water and nutrients.

33
Q

Capsule

A

-More tightly bound to cell than a slime layer
-Denser and thicker than slime layer
-Protects pathogenic bacteria against phagocytic white blood cells

34
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells

35
Q

Biofilm

A

an assemblage of surface-associated microbial cells that is enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix

36
Q

The cell envelope

A

-Made of peptidoglycan
-Provides strong structural support
-Cell wall
-Cytoplasmic membrane
-Outer membrane (Gram negative)

37
Q

Gram Positive Cell Envelope

A

-Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (20 to 80 nm thick)
-Contains teichoic and lipteichoic acid
-Inner cytoplasmic membrane

38
Q

Gram Negative cell envelope

A

-Outer membrane: more rigid
-Thin cell wall: greater sensitivity to lysis, single thin sheet of peptidoglycan 1-3 nm thick
-Inner cytoplasmic membrane

39
Q

Acid-fast bacteria

A

-Bulk of cell wall of Myocobacterium (waxy lipds)
-Contributes to pathogenicity of these organisms
-resistant to certain chemicals and dyes

40
Q

Acid fast stain commonly used to diagnose

A

tuberculosis and leprosy

41
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

-Lack a cell wall
-Membrane stabalized by sterols and resistant to lysis
-Pleomorphic shape

42
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane structure

A

-5-10 nm flexible sheet molded around the cytoplasm
-Phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins
-Contain sterols

43
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane functions

A

-Energy reactions
-Nutrient processing
-Synthesis
-Regulate transport of nutrients and wastes in and out of cell

44
Q

Outer membrane (Gram Neg)

A

-Outer phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins and polysaccharides
-Lipopolysaccharides (Contains endotoxins stimulates fever and shock reactions)
-Lipoproteins ( anchors outermembrane to peptidoglycan)
-Porin proteins (allows small molecules in, block entrance and act as defense against antibiotics)

45
Q

Bacterial Chromosome

A

-Single circular strand of DNA
-Aggregated in a dense area called nucleoid
-DNA Tightly coiled around basic protein molecules to fit cell compartment

46
Q

Plasmid

A

-Nonessential pieces of DNA
-Double stranded circles of DNA
-Duplicated and passed on to offspring during replication
-Confer protective traits
-Important agent in genetic engineering

47
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Made of RNA and protein
-Is the site of protein synthesis
-Dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, often found in chains
-Size is measured in Svedburg (S) units

48
Q

Size of Bacterial ribosomes

A

70S units (Svedburg)

49
Q

Size of Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S units (Svedburg)

50
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

-Storage site for nutrients during periods of abundance
-Bacteria take from stocks during low periods of nutrition

51
Q

The Cytoskeleton

A

-Arranged around the cell just under the cytoplasmic membrane
-Contributes to cell shape
-Potential target for antibiotic development

52
Q

Bacterial endospores

A

-Spore formation indused by environmental conditions (depletion of nutrients, carbon, nitrogen)
-Withstands hostile environments
-Inert, resting position

53
Q

Bacterial two phase life cycle

A

-Vegetative cell : metabolically active
-Endospore: Resting

54
Q

Diseases related to spore persistence

A

-Bacillus anthracis: anthrax
-Clostridium tetani : tetanus (lockjaw)
- C. botulinum: botulism
-C. difficile: colitis

55
Q

Bacteria and archea similarities

A

-Unicellular, no defined nucleus, asexual reproduction

56
Q

Bacteria and Archaea differences

A

Cell wall structure, cell membrane structure, enzymes, generation genetic material

57
Q

The Archaea

A
58
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Systmic Bacteriology

A

-Comprehensive view of bacterial and archaea relatedness
-Combines phenotypic information with rRNA sequensing for classification

59
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

A

-Based on phenotypic characteristics only
-Used by microbiologists who need to identify bacteria but not know their evolutionary background
-Useful for students of medical microbiology

60
Q

(Taxonomic scheme) 4 Major divisions of bacteria and archaea

A

-Gracilicutes: gram-neg cell walls, thin skinned
-Firmicutes: gram-pos cell walls, thick skinned
-Tenericutes: lack cell wall, soft
-Mendosicutes: archaea

61
Q

Divisions in the Diagnostic scheme

A

-Gram pos
-Gram- neg
-Bacteria without a cell

62
Q

Sub groups of the Diagnostic scheme

A

-Cell shape
-Arrangement
-Oxygen use
*Aerobic (use oxygen in metabolism)
*Anaerobic (don’t use oxygen in metabolism
*Facultative (may or may not use oxygen)

63
Q

Staphylococcus

A

-Gram Positive
-Cocci in clusters or packets
-causes boils and skin infections

64
Q

Streptococcus

A

-Gram Positive
-Cocci in pairs or chains
-Causes strep throat, dental caries

65
Q

Bacillus

A

-Gram positive
-Endospore forming rods
-Anthrax

66
Q

Clostridium

A

-Gram positive
-Endospore forming rods
-Tetanus
-Gas gangrene botulism

67
Q

Mycobacterium

A

-Gram positive
-Tuberculosis
-Leprosy

68
Q

Neisseria

A

-Gram Negative
-Aerobic cocci
-gonorrhea
-meningitis

69
Q

Escherichia

A

-Gram neg
-faculative or anarobic rods and vibrios
-E coli

70
Q

Salmonella

A

-Gram neg
-facultative or anaerobic rods and vibrios
-typhoid fever

71
Q

Treponema

A

-Gram neg
-anaerobic rods
-syphilis

72
Q
A

microbiology (10 decks)

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