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Psych 104 > Before Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Before Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biologyical psychologist/neuroscientists

A

Study the brain and behaviour

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2
Q

Phrenology

A

Studying the structure of brain and heavier
-shape, size and protrusions
-mapped out portions of the brain

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3
Q

Phrenology believed that protrusions of the cranium meant…

A

That certain people had larger parts of the brain
-smarter in those areas

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4
Q

Phrenology: where there are differences between people there must also be..

A

Structural brain differences between them

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5
Q

How was phrenology disproven

A

When found that damage to areas that should correspond to certain traits mapped out, did not in fact

-the brain is not just one region, it is rather a connection of multiple areas articulating together

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6
Q

Electrical stimulation studies

A

Investigating brain function, by electrically stimulating the brain during neurosurgery

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7
Q

Who was the American-Canadian neurosurgeon, integral to electrical stimulation studies

A

Wilder Penfield

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8
Q

ESS supported the idea that neural communication is ____ in nature

A

Electrical

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9
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Mapped brain cortex
-using electrical stimuli’s on a certain location
-a lot of poking and guessing

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10
Q

ESS was not interested in:

A

The consequences of “poke and guess”

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11
Q

Lesion studies

A

Created damage to a specific area to understand impairment

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12
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull

-like a capsule with all the cords/buttons
-created a spreadsheet of region:response

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13
Q

EEG advantages/disadvantages

A

A- noninvasive, high temporal resolution

D- no information in individual cell activity, or accurate region activity

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14
Q

Computed tomography (CT scan)

A

Multiple X-rays to build a 3D reconstitution of the brain

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15
Q

CT scan advantage/disadvantage

A

A- detects dense tissue

D- static image, doesn’t show activity over time

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16
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

A

Since an active brain requires glucose, attach radio to bind with glucose to see what part of the brain is using glucose (active) and when

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17
Q

PET scan advantage/disadvantage:

A

A- helpful for isotope drugs and seeing where they are used

D- invasive, static image, poor spatial resolution

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18
Q

Structural MRI

A

Uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize Brian structure

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19
Q

What is better at detecting soft tissue (MRI or CT)

A

MRI

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20
Q

MRI advantages/disadvantages

A

A- better soft tissue detection, higher spatial resolution

D- expensive, static, no activity over time

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21
Q

FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

Detects the changes in blood oxygenation + flow that occur in response to neural activity
-vibrates the iron in blood

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22
Q

FMRI advantages/disadvantages

A

A- activity over time is represented, spatial resolution

D- poor temporal resolution, expensive

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23
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

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24
Q

MEG advantages/disadvantages

A

A- good temporal, and spatial

D- not good at detecting deep activity, expensive, technologically difficult

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25
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Battery powered electrodes are implanted in brain, which shows electrical stimulation in certain areas
-neuropsychological conditions

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26
Q

DBS advantage/disadvantages

A

A- treat neuropsychological conditions

D- very invasive, general surgery risks, lack of control once implanted

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27
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Strong/quick magnetic field to surface of skull
-interrupt or enhance brain function/signal

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28
Q

TMS advantage/disadvantage

A

A- Inhibits neural function for moments

D- can cause seizures, only operates on cortex

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29
Q

Localization of function

A

When certain brain areas are found to be particularly active during a specific psychological task

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30
Q

Electrical process

A

Occurs inside neuron

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31
Q

Chemical process

A

How one cell communicates with another cell

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32
Q

Neuron

A

-ns cell
sends messages from one area to another using electrical/chemical process

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33
Q

Parts of neuron

A

-cell body
-dendrites
-axon
-axon terminal

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34
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Contains nucleus and cell membrane
-keeps cell alive and functioning

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35
Q

Dendrites

A

-growing out of soma
-capture signals from outside neuron

-chemicals bind onto receptor sites to activate a response

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36
Q

Axon

A

“Cell toso”
-contains myelin sheath and nodes of ranvier
-push signal away from neuron (cell body)

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37
Q

Axon terminals

A

Electrical signal will release chemicals into synaptic space from axon terminals

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38
Q

Neural communication occurs due to

A

Synaptic junction

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39
Q

Chemical information is transferred at the

A

Synapse

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40
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system
-supports neurons and neuronal functioning

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41
Q

Astrocytes

A

Responsible for BBB

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42
Q

Oligiodendrocyte

A

Responsible for myelin sheath of some axons

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43
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Collection of fatty tissue attached to axon
-highly conductive

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44
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

Pass signal along axon much faster than unmyelinated neurons

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45
Q

MS, Parkinson’s

A

Demyelination diseases
-results in motor problems

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46
Q

Action potential

A

The formation of the electrical impulse
-neuron has fired

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47
Q

Resting potential

A

Neuron is not signaled or isn’t firing
-voltage charge is relative to outside solution
-consistent

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48
Q

Resting potential charge:

A

-70 mv

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49
Q

Threshold

A

A value that needs to be met to create an action potential
-all or nothing

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50
Q

Depolarization

A

Action potential is generating
-positive

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51
Q

Depolarization number

A

40mv

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52
Q

Repolarized

A

Cell is “refreshing” to repeat actions of AP
-getting more negative

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53
Q

Hyperpolarixation

A

Cell drops even more negative than resting potential

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54
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cell returning back to baseline (repolarization)
-cannot active or generate new impulse

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55
Q

Relative refractory period

A

if gets enough (usually more) stimulation will reactive
-hyperpolarization/below resting potential
-needs 25mv

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56
Q

Generally speaking how much electrical stimuli’s needs to reach threshold (from -70mv)

A

Needs 15mv

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57
Q

How long is an action potential

A

1s

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58
Q

All or none law

A

The cell either fires or does not fire
-no half measures
-stronger signals do not cause stronger AP

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59
Q

What does a stronger signal do

A

Creates MORE action potential
-rate of firing is increased

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60
Q

Chemical neuron communications

A

-occurs among neurons
-neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on densities of post synaptic neuron

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61
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse
-excite
-inhibit

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62
Q

Five steps of chemical communication in order

A

-synthesis
-storage
-release
-binding
-deactivation

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63
Q

Two broad categories of neurotransmitters

A

-excitatory (depolarization)
-inhibitory (hyperpolarization)

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64
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

Postynaptic depolarization

-postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire
-toward threshold

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65
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPP)

A

Postsynaptic hyperpolarization
-postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire
-further from threshold

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66
Q

Presynaptic neuron sends chemical signal to

A

Postsynaptic neuron

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67
Q

Synthesis

A

Building neurotransmitters in the vessel

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68
Q

storage

A

Storage in synaptic vesicles

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69
Q

Release

A

Release into synaptic space

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70
Q

Binding

A

Binding to receptor sites

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71
Q

Deactivation

A

Deactivation through or reputable of breakdown
-chemicals can float back inside

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72
Q

Role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Ensure action potential is reached, and that there is a period of time for the cell to refresh

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73
Q

EPSP receptor

A

A or B

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74
Q

IPSP receptor

A

D or E

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75
Q

Glutamate

A

Main excitatory NT
-sensory and learning
-alcohol and sensory enhancers

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76
Q

GABA

A

Main inhibitory NT
-alcohol and anti anxiety

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77
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Cortical arousal
-amphetamine and methamphetamine

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78
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Cortical arousal, selective attention, memory (Alzheimer’s), muscle contradiction
-nicotine, memory enhancers, Botox

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79
Q

Dopamine

A

Motor function, reward and pleasure
-L dopa used to treat Parkinson’s disease, antipsychotics (hallucinations)

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80
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood regulation, aggression, sleep wake cycles and temperature
-SSRI anti depressants

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81
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain killers
-codeine, morphine, heroine

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82
Q

Anandamide

A

Pain killers, increase in appetite
-tetrahydrocannabinol (weed)

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83
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Drugs that impact the nervous system

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84
Q

Drugs can be either

A

Agonist or antagonist

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85
Q

Agonist

A

Drug enhances activity at the receptor site
-binds to receptor site or blocks reuptake

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86
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug reduces activity at the receptor site
-binds to receptor site and blocks neurotransmitters

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87
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Ability of neurons to change over time
-structural or functional

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88
Q

Networks of neurons in the brain change over the course of development in four primary ways

A

-growth
-synaptogenesis
-pruning
-myelination

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89
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Creation of new synapses

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90
Q

Neurogensis

A

Repairing brain damage
-only happens sometimes

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91
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells
-have capacity to become any type of cell in the body

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92
Q

Three areas related to neural plasticity

A

-developmental
-learning
-following injury and or degeneration

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93
Q

Plasticity and development

A

When an individual’s brain is growing during early years

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94
Q

Myelination

A

Speeding up communication between neurons
-usually heavily used neurons

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95
Q

Growth

A

Early aged individuals don’t have as many differentiated cells, and shorter dendrites
So…
-neurons grow dendrites (more receptor sites)
-axons extend on neurons

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96
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

More synapses
-with growth of dendrites and axons, more axon terminals are grown

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97
Q

Pruning

A

Process of the brain filtering unnecessary neurons
-due to rapid periods of growth and chaos
-enhances efficient

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98
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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99
Q

Brain is made up of

A

-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain

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100
Q

Forebrain is made up of

A

-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
-limbic system

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101
Q

Hindbrain is made up of

A

-Cerebellum
-brain stem

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102
Q

Brain stem is made up of

A

-pons
-medulla

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103
Q

Plasticity and learning

A

-creation of new synapses
-memory function and activation
The brain changes as we learn

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104
Q

Potentiation

A

The change of the structure and activation patterns of neurons due to repetitive stimulation

-emphasizing the certain activity that is used more

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105
Q

Structural plasticity

A

Neurons change shape as a function of activation
-neurons will be physically larger with more stimulation (enrichment)

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106
Q

Limbic system is made up of

A

-Hippocampus
-amygdala
-nucleus accumbens
-thalamus
-hypothalamus

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107
Q

PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic

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108
Q

Somatic system

A

Voluntary muscle activation
-sensory and motor nerves

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109
Q

Plasticity in injury and degeneration

A

Sometimes neural connections of brain regions can take place of others
-neural genesis

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110
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Idea that individuals can regrow and repair damaged neurons
-mostly in hippocampus
-not very common

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111
Q

Theorized way of fixing damage to brain, using stem cells

A

Implantation of stem cells, can induce them to differentiate and repair/replace damaged areas

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112
Q

Autonomic system controls

A

-smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
-involuntary

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113
Q

Autonomic system makes up

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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114
Q

Spinal cord

A

-connects peripheral ns with the brain
-relays information from body to brain, then back down
-contains spinal reflexes

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115
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Various spinal nerves that bundle together to relay reflexes

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116
Q

Damage to spinal cord

A

Will absolutely sever any function related to that area
-paralysis

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117
Q

Spinal cord is protected by

A

Vertebrae

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118
Q

Pathway to brain from receptor

A

Receptor—> sensory—> interneuron—> motor neuron —> reaction

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119
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer wrinkly layer of the brain
-divided into two hemispheres

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120
Q

Hemispheres are connected via the

A

Corpus callosum

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121
Q

Left hemisphere of the cortex majors in

A

-fine tuned language skills
-motor actions

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122
Q

Right hemisphere cortex majors in

A

-coarse language
-visuospatial skills

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123
Q

Lobes of the cortex

A

-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital

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124
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-motor function
-organization
-language
-memory

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125
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory
-touch, temp, pain, perception

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126
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing

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127
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

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128
Q

What separates frontal and parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

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129
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Motor function
-collections of neurons
-damage results in tremors or involuntary movements

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130
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional response: aggression or fear
-fight or fight

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131
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

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132
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Survival skills, and homeostasis
-hunger, sex drive, temperature

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133
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station/motor function

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134
Q

Midbrain function

A

-eye movement and coordination
-RAS (reticular activating system)

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135
Q

RAS function

A

Conscious awareness
-control over existence
-regulates sleep, wakefulness and attention

Eg- general anthestetic

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136
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Breathing, swallowing, digestion
-damage usually means death

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137
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, balance and muscle tone
-complicated motor movements

Damage: major motor/coordination problems

138
Q

Pons

A

Relay station of fibres coming from spinal cord or cerebral cortex
-organizes

139
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls other glands
-oxytocin

140
Q

Oxytocin

A

-birth
-maternal and romantic love
-trust and social behaviours (good and bad)

141
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Releases hormones during periods of stress and arousal
-just above kidneys
-adrenaline and cortisol

142
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threads within a cells nucleus that carry genetic material

143
Q

Most humans have __ chromosomes

A

46

144
Q

Genes are composed of

A

2-deoxyribonucleic acid

145
Q

DNA

A

Hereditary blueprint in genes
-contains things cells need to replicate

146
Q

Genotype

A

Set of genes transmitted from our parents to us
-fixed at birth

147
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable traits
-interaction of genotype and environmental factors

148
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Approach sued to examine the influence of nature (genes) and nurture (environment)

149
Q

Myth 1

A

Heritability applies to a single individual

-interplay between genetic material and environmental factors impacting them (changes the expression)

150
Q

Myth 2

A

Heritability tells us wether a trait can be changed

Idea: genes placed upon birth are predetermining what/who you are

-the way genes operate is really controlled by environmental factors
-range of particular traits

151
Q

Myth 3

A

Heritability is a fixed number

152
Q

Heritability

A

-usually measured by percentage
-not individual

153
Q

Seeds and soil, myth 2

A

The same seeds in different quality soils will produce different heights

154
Q

Three main types of behavioural genetic research designs

A

-family studies
-twin studies
-adoption studies

155
Q

Family studies

A

Observing family unit, and what the likiehood of one particular trait running through the family unit

-how likely will the offspring have these traits as well

156
Q

Problems with family studies

A

Cannot separate nature vs nurture
-different degrees of relatedness
-different environmental exposures

157
Q

Good thing with family studies

A

Good starting point to see wether or not a gene is heritable

158
Q

Twin studies

A

Identical twins, sharing genetic material, shared in the same household vs not int the same household
-how likely are they to have the same traits

159
Q

Adoption studies

A

Individuals separates from birth parents
-assess similarity to children vs parents

160
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of heritable traits

161
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by our sense organs
-observed to understand perception

162
Q

Perception

A

The brains interpretation of these raw sensory inputs

163
Q

Transduction

A

Ns converts external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons

164
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation
-do not feel clothes on skin

165
Q

Adaptive process (sensory adaptation)

A

Keeps us attuned to the changes in our environment rather than the constants

166
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how we perceive sensory stimuli’s
-based on their physical characteristics (light perceived depends on wavelength, patternicity)

167
Q

Gustav fechner

A

First to describe the things that are required for sensation
-a stimulus
-Psychophysics

168
Q

Elements der psychophysics

A

First to describe the fundamental of stimulus

169
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The lowest level of a stimulus that an individual can detect
-50% of the time
-something compared to nothing

170
Q

Examples of vision in absolute threshold

A

A candle flame seen at 50km on a dark clear night

171
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect (50% of the time)
-difference threshold

172
Q

Below difference threshold

A

Cannot tell difference between stimulus

173
Q

Crossing JND

A

Stimulus is difference enough (can tell a difference)

174
Q

Webers law

A

Constant proportional relationship between JND and original stimulus intensity

-harder to tell difference between stronger stimulus

For example: ten percent difference to detect difference (detecting 10vs11 lb or 100vs101 lb)

175
Q

Weber fraction

A

The constant proportion, differs depending on sensory input

176
Q

Signal detection

A

Theory that Describes how we detect stimulus under uncertain conditions
-factors that influence our ability

177
Q

Cognitive factors of signal detection

A

-expectations
-consequences
-response requirements

178
Q

Standard signal detection experiment has two important components

A

-1/2 of trials, one low intensity stimulus is presented
-1/2 of trails, no stimulus is presented
-trails are randomized to reduce predictability

179
Q

Signal detection-hit

A

Detect stimulus that was present

180
Q

Signal detection-miss

A

Fail to detect a stimulus that was present

181
Q

Signal detection-false alarm

A

Indicate a stimulus was present when it was not

182
Q

Signal detection-correct rejection

A

Indicate there was no stimulus when there was no stimulus

183
Q

Do sensory systems only process their own information, and nothing else?

A

Not necessarily
-phosphenes: rubbing eye causes stars, due to mechanical pressure causing AP to occur

184
Q

Johannes muller proposed

A

The doctrine of specific nerve energies

185
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Never get interactions between different senses

186
Q

Cross modal processing

A

Processing of signals from one sense in another sensory area

-simultaneous audio and visible sensation leading to a form of perception

187
Q

Mcgurk effect

A

Processing speech sounds, usually visual (mouth movements) and audible (literal sounds) leads to the perception of what the individual says
-both play a role

MCGURK is —> mismatch between the two during sensation

188
Q

Synesthesia

A

Condition where people experience cross modal sensations and perceptions
-taste color, or see sound

189
Q

Most common type of synesthesia

A

Grapheme color synesthesia

190
Q

Grapheme color synesthesia

A

Where a persons experience o numbers and letters are associated with the experience of color

-think of number one, see color blue

191
Q

Lexical taste synesthesia ??

A
192
Q

Attention interacts with

A

Perception

193
Q

Two examples of the role of attention

A

-selective attention
-inattentional blindless

194
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows us to select one sensory channel and ignore or minimize others
-RAS and forebrain involved
-dichotic listening tasks

195
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

When closely paying attention to an event, one can fail to notice an unexpected and completely visible object
-moonwalking bear vid

196
Q

Dichotic listening tasks

A

Different messages sent to each ear with headphones, supposed to repeat out loud only left ear information (selective attention)

197
Q

Broadbents filter model of attention

A

-all info sent to sensory is pushed through a filter
-filter selectively allows only necessary information to pass onto processing purposes

198
Q

What does broadbents filter model not explain

A

The cocktail party effect
-because some of this information is not blocked by this filter

199
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Idea that if your at a party talking with your friend, then someone says your name then you immediately switch focus to that conversation

-how did you know that your name was said when you were filtering out everything but your friend?

200
Q

Does selective attention really filter out everything?

A

No, certain important words will not
Such as: name, emergency

201
Q

The binding problem

A

Different aspects of a stimulus are processed in multiple parts of the brain, but come together as one single stimulus
-unambiguous integration

202
Q

Parallel processing

A

Ability to attended to many sensory modalities simultaneously

203
Q

Two important parallel processing

A

-bottom up processing
-top down processing

204
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Construct a whole stimulus from all component pieces
-stimulus driven

205
Q

Top down processing

A

Using past experiences, expectations, beliefs in order to make inferences in what the stimulus is
-conceptually driven

206
Q

Perceptual hypotheses

A

Educated guesses as to likeliest conclusion based on what we know
-limited sensory input
-most likely correct

207
Q

Perception is different from

A

Sensations

208
Q

Perceptual sets

A

Expectations influence our perceptions in a specific way in a given circumstance

209
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
-rule

210
Q

Three perceptual constancies

A

-size
-shape
-color

211
Q

Size constancy

A

-as things get closer to us, they take up more room = larger
-as things get further, take up less = smaller

212
Q

Shape constancy

A

Recognize different stimulus as the same object
-different opening doors are different shapes (imagine in the slide)

213
Q

Color constancy

A

Don’t assume that color is going to change as we look at things
-consistent pattern of colours

214
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Rules governing how we perceive objects as a whole within their overall context

215
Q

six main gestalt principles

A

-proximity
-similarity
-continuity
-closure
-symmetry
-figure ground

216
Q

Proximity

A

Looking at things close together, then assume they are the same
-group things based on proximity

217
Q

Similarity

A

Group things based on similarity

218
Q

Continuity

A

Tend to see things as continuing

219
Q

Closure

A

If something has lots of gaps, we tend to fill in the gaps based on experience

220
Q

Symmetry

A

See things in most symmetrical way as possible
-also most simple way

221
Q

Figure ground

A

What we focus on tends to be the figure, and everything else becomes the ground
-images that are trippy

222
Q

Perceiving motion

A

Determine wether something is moving by comparing visual frames form one moment to the next

223
Q

Motion blind

A

Meaning that you cannot string images together to allow detection of motion
-moving toward or away

224
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Tests for apparent motion

225
Q

Apparent motion

A

When situation flash in different locations next to each other and movement is perceived
-no actual motion, but brain perceives as

226
Q

Face perception

A

Humans perceive faces rapidly
-babies 2to3 weeks can imitate facial gestures without being able to see themselves
-

227
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see spatial relationships between things in 3D
-front row closer to me than backrow

228
Q

Monocular depth

A

Requires only one eye to see depth

229
Q

Binocular depth

A

Requires two eyes to see depth

230
Q

Two types of monocular depth cues

A

-motion parallax
-pictorial depth cues

231
Q

Motion parallax

A

Involves imgages of objects at different distances moving across the retina
-how fast = how far something is from us

232
Q

Pictorial depth cues

A

Cues presented in two dimension images, but are able to give depth

233
Q

Linear perspective

A

Having two lines that appear to converge
-head on road going into the distance

234
Q

Texture gradients

A

Image closer to the viewer (bottom of page) is more clear, images further (top of page) are blurrier
-images close to us would be more detailed

235
Q

Interposition

A

Layering/stacking objects in front of each other, cutting each other off
-demonstrates certain objects are behind others

236
Q

Relative size

A

One aspect of the drawing is much larger than the rest, the larger object must be closer, the smaller is further
-egg photo

237
Q

Height in plane

A

See things that are further away lower than object closer??? I dont know

238
Q

Light and shadow

A

Objects that cast shadow demonstrate 3D, and indicates how far from us the object is

239
Q

Two main binocular depth cues

A

-retinal disparity
-binocular convergence

240
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Two eyes are separated from each other
-images are slightly different from each other
-brain uses two separate information sources to determine the distance of objects

241
Q

binocular convergence

A

In order to remain focused, the eyes need to converge toward each other
-help to determine depth
-has ton be very close to face (turn in a lot)

242
Q

Auditory localization

A

Locating the source of a sound in space
-ears set apart helps

243
Q

Auditory localization occurs due to

A

-sound intensity
-timing of sounds arriving at each ear

244
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Register input but don’t actually consciously register
-extremely silent, low volume
-listening to book while sleeping

245
Q

Subliminal persuasion

A

Sub threshold influences on our behaviour
-very rare
-only right after presentation

246
Q

James viceroy

A

Used rapid flashes during movies to encourage popcorn sales
-below level of conscious stimulation
-subliminal perception

—-> not a lasting behavioural change

247
Q

Strobe and Clauss ice tea study

A

Had ice tea advertisements flash, then participants were offered coke or ice tea
-more people chose ice tea
-but if offered much later, there was no difference
-has to be absolute/immediate

248
Q

Amplititude affects the perception of

A

Brightness

Amplitude = the height of the wave

249
Q

wavelength affects perception of

A

Color/hue

Wavelength = distance between one complete wave

250
Q

Purity influences perception of

A

Saturation (how rich/deep a color appears)

Purity= how cohesive a wave is (not pure would not be consistent with the rest)

251
Q

Light waves vary in

A

Amplitude, wavelength, purity

252
Q

Explain wavelengths do not have color

A

Perception of color is rather the interpretation of the wavelengths

Sensation (wave affecting retinal centres)
Perception (color)

253
Q

Parts of the eye

A
254
Q

Cornea

A

-covers the eye
-lets light in, focuses light onto retina
-clear membrane

255
Q

Lens

A

-focus light onto retina
-flexible and adjusts for near/far objects

256
Q

Accommodations

A

The eyes ability to adjust lens with cilliary muscles

257
Q

focusing on a close object lens will

A

Get fatter/rounder

258
Q

Focusing on distant objects the lens will

A

Flatten out

259
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age related change to visual system and capacity
-difficult to compress lens, changes ability of near point

260
Q

Near point

A

The point at which the lens can no longer adjust to focus an image

261
Q

Myopia vs hyperopia

A

Myopia- near sighted

Hyperopia- far sighted

262
Q

Fovea

A

Responsible for acuity
-found in retina

263
Q

Cones vs rods

A

Cones- color, found in fovea

Rods- black and w, peripheral vision

264
Q

Sicades

A

Movement of eye to assist in maximum light entering retina
-involuntary

265
Q

Why are there more rods than cones

A

Rods cover much more space along retina
-cones are densely in the fovea

266
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Color vision depends on activity of three different color receptor types
-red, green, blue

267
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Color vision is related to opposing responses by blue/yellow and red/green

268
Q

Trichromatic theory explains what well

A

The types of color blindness

269
Q

Trichromats

A

Three kinds of cones

270
Q

Dichromats

A

2 kinds of cones

271
Q

Monchromats

A

1 kind of cone, no color vision

272
Q

Trichromatic theory cannot explain what

A

Afterimages
-looking at a color for a long time, then looking away, you may see a differently coloured replica of the same image

273
Q

Dual process theory

A

Incorporates both trichromatic and opponent process theory to explain color vision

274
Q

Cells in retina from front to back

A

Ganglion to bipolar to photoreceptor

275
Q

Hubel & weisel

A

Found other cells that fire to certain patterns and orientations
-simple (shape) vs complex (shape/location) feature detector cells

276
Q

Feature detector cells

A

Highly selective, respond to specific detections
-specialized for shape, location, conture

277
Q

Sound waves are

A

Vibrations of molecules that travel through a medium

278
Q

Frequency of sound

A

-pitch
-rate at which waves vibrate
-hertz

279
Q

Amplitude of sound

A

-loudness
-intensity of sound, height of wave
-dB

280
Q

Complexity of sound

A

-timbre
-uniqueness of the wave
Allows to distinguish the sound of a trombone from a violin

281
Q

Loudness ___ every ___

A

Doubles every 6-10dB

282
Q

Sounds >120dB

A

Painful, and causes damage

283
Q

Structure of the ear

A
284
Q

Middle ear composed of

A

Ossicles (amplify changes in pressure)

285
Q

Outer ear

A

Ear canal, pinnacle, tympanic membrane

286
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea (fluid filled, contains receptors for hearing)

287
Q

Receptors in cochlea are found in the

A

Basilar membrane

288
Q

Place theory

A

The perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portion or places along basilar membrane

-certain hairs moved more than others (where crest occurs, certain perception occurs)
-wave

289
Q

Frequency theory

A

Perception of pitch corresponds to the rate or frequency
-entire basilar membrane vibrates
-up to 100Hz

290
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Malfunction of ear
-failure in middle/outer ear (eardrum/ossicles)

291
Q

Nerve deafness

A

Due to damage of the auditory nerve

292
Q

Five types of taste

A

-bitter
-sour
-sweet
-salty
-umami (msg)

293
Q

Perception of taste quality depends on

A

-patterns of neural activity
-learned preferences

294
Q

Where does taste info go to

A

Gustatory cortex

295
Q

No tasters vs supertasters vs medium tasters

A
296
Q

Odour perception

A

-complex
-use our experience to interpret

297
Q

Pheromones

A

Odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of ones own species
-humans susceptible
-signals mestruation

298
Q

Flavour is a combination of

A

Of taste and smell

299
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Responsible for sensation of touch, temp and pain

300
Q

Four main components of somatosensory are

A

-nociception
-hapsis
-proprioception
-balance

301
Q

Nocioception

A

Pain and temperature

302
Q

Hapsis

A

Perception of objects using touch and pressure

303
Q

Proprioception

A

Knowledge of the position of your limbs in space

304
Q

Balance

A

Controlled by vestibular system in the inner ear

305
Q

Layers of skin from top to bottom

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

306
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by damage to tissues and inflammation of joints or by tumour cells

307
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Caused by lesions or other damage to nervous system

308
Q

Two types of pain pathways

A

-fast (A delta)
-slow (C fibre)

309
Q

Vestibular system

A

Responds to gravity and keeps body informed of location in space
-balance
-rotation/tilt of head

310
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli
-subjective
-world, bodies, mental perspectives

311
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

-24 hour basis
-biological process of: brain waves, body, temperature and drowsiness

312
Q

Circadian rhythm is regulated by

A

Suprachiasmaatic nucleus or SCN

313
Q

Suprachiasmaatic nucleus

A

Body biological clock
-makes us feel drowsy
-signal pineal gland to release melatonin

314
Q

Kleine-levin syndrome

A

Sleeping beauty disorder
-due to disruptions in Suprachiasmaatic nucleus

315
Q

How much sleep do people need (regular/college/infant)

A

7-10 hours a day
-college students 9
-infants 16

316
Q

Five stages of sleep in order

A

1,2,3,4,3,2,1,rem,1,2

317
Q

Beta waves versus alpha waves

A

B- 12/13 cycles/sec (awake/alert)

A- 8-12 cycles/sec (relaxed/drowsy)

318
Q

Stage 1

A

-light sleep
-5 to 10 minutes long
-changes from alpha/beta (awake) to theta (falling asleep)
-myoclonic jerks and hypnagogic imagery

319
Q

Theta waves

A

4-7 cycles/sec

320
Q

Stage 2

A

-10 to 15 min
-sleep spindles
-k complexes
-heart rate slows, temp decreases, eye movements stop
-theta waves

321
Q

Stage 3

A

-slow wave sleep
-delta waves (very deep)
-20 to 50 percent delta
-help to feel rested

322
Q

Stage 4

A

-slow wave sleep
-delta waves (very deep)
-50+ percent delta waves
-important to feel rested

323
Q

Delta waves

A

0.5 to 2 cycles/second

324
Q

REM sleep

A

-20 to 50 percent of sleep
-last between 20min to 1hour
-eye darts around
-middle ear muscle activity
-bodies paralyzed

325
Q

When does dreaming take place

A

REM and NREM (stages 1-4)
-more commonly in REM

326
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

Experience of becoming aware that you are dreaming while asleep

327
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling and staying asleep
-waking too early, waking up in the night and cannot fall back asleep

328
Q

How to avoid/treat insomnia

A

-going to bed habits
-sleeping pills, or psychotherapy

329
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden sleep periods
-due to genetic factors or brain damage, lack of hormone orexin

330
Q

How to treat narcolepsy

A

-modafinil
-orexin replacement

331
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Blockage of airway during sleep resulting in daytime fatigue

332
Q

Treatment of sleep apnea

A

Weight loss, surgical removal of tonsils, CPAP machine

333
Q

Night terrors

A

Sudden waking episodes
-mainly in childre
-last a few minutes

334
Q

Dreams why?

A

-process emotional memories
-integrate new experiences
-learn strategies
-simulating events to cope later
-reorganize and consolidate memories

335
Q

Freuds dream protection theory

A

Dreams are guardians of sleep
-dreams protect our impulses when we sleep
-transforms impulses into symbols representing wish fulfilment

336
Q

Freuds dream manifest and latent content

A

Manifest- experience in dreams

Latent- hidden meaning behind dreams

337
Q

Activation synthesis

A

Dreams reflect brain activation in sleep

-dreams are brain making sense of random internal generated neural signals

338
Q

Neurocognitive theory

A

Dreams are more than random neural impulses
-reflect concerns and relate to our lived experiences

-dreams are simulations to explore possible outcomes

339
Q

Dream continuity hypothesis

A

Dreams mirror life circumstances

340
Q

What part of the brain plays a big role in dreaming

A

Forebrain

341
Q

Damage to what parts of the brain will affect dreaming ability

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

Psych 104 (6 decks)

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