Before FINAL WOO Flashcards
Hallucinations
Realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
-any sensory modality
-quite common
Out of body and near death experiences
Sense of consciousness leaving our bodies
-watching yourself do something
-very common
Near death experiences
Special type of OBE reported by people who have nearly died
-tunnel of bright light, life review, being of light
Deja vu
Feeling of reliving an experience that is new
-declines with age
-no clear answer why
Mystical experiences
Feelings of unity or oneness with the world
-wonder and awe
-unique to each person
-tied with religion
Hypnosis
Interpersonal situation, producing changes in consciousness in a person
-media displays as pseudoscientific
Hypnosis begins with
Induction
Hypnosis is followed by
Suggestions
-for a person to think or do
-effectiveness depends on how suggestible a person is
Six myths of hypnosis
-hypnosis produces a trance state where amazing things can happen
-hypnotic phenomena are unique
-hypnosis is a sleep like state
-hypnotized people are unaware of surroundings
-hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis
-hypnosis enhances memory
Two main theories of hypnosis
-social cognitive theory
-dissociation theory
Social cognitive theory
People’s attitudes, beliefs, motivations and expectations about hypnosis shape response
-including ability to respond to suggestions
Dissociation theory
Main part of a person is hypnotized and impacted
Another part is a hidden observer, unaffected and just observes what is going on
-hypnosis bypasses sense of control we feel over our own behaviours
Psychoactive drugs
Influence how our brains operate
-leads to a feeling of altered conscious experience
-drug effects due to type of drug or expectations of that drug
Mental sets
Expectations
-psychoactive drugs
Depressants
Dec activity of CNS
-initial high, followed by sleepiness and slower thinking
Example of depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates, quaaludes, Valium
Stimulants
Inc activity of CNS
-alertness, well being and energy
Examples of stimulants
Tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, caffeine
Opiates
Sense of euphoria and dec pain
Opiates example
Heroin, morphine, codeine
Psychedelics
Dramatically altered perception, mood and thoughts
Psychedelics example
Marjuana, LSD and ecstasy
Substance use disorder
People experience recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drugs
What is a key feature of substance use disorders
Tolerance
Two types of drug dependence
-physical
-psychological
Physical dependence
When people take the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence
When use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings
-people feel like they need to feel normal
Sociocultural influences (explanations of drug use and abuse)
Personality (explanations of drug use and abuse)
Learning and expectations (explanations of drug use and abuse)
Genetic influences (explanations of drug use and abuse)
Depressants
Slow down CNS
What is the most widely used and abused drug
Alcohol
Small doses of alcohol
Lead to relaxation, elevated mood, inc talkativeness and activity
-lowered inhibitions and impaired judgment
High doses
Lead to slowed thinking, impaired concentration, impairment in walking/talking and muscle coordination
Alcohol increases
GABA activity
-inhibitory NT
alcohol decreases
Glutamate activity
-excitatory NT
BAC < 0.5
Small does
BAC of 0.5-1.0
High doses
Illegal operation of a vehicle range from
0.05 to 0.08
Sedative hypnotics
Used to treat acute anxiety and insomnia
-dangerous at high doses
-strong depressant effect
Three types of sedative hypnotics
-barbiturates
-non barbiturates
-benzodiazepines
Stimulants
Stimulate CNS
-inc hear rate, respiration and blood pressure
-nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
Nicotine
-addictive
-activates receptors sensitive to ACH
-stimulation, relaxation, inc alertness
Cocaine
-most powerful natural stimulant
-enhanced mental and physical capacity, stimulation
-dec in hunger, indifference to pain
-sense of well being then Dec fatigue
-activity of neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin
Amphetamines
Reduce appetite, Dec need for sleep, reduce feelings of depression
-inc dopamine and NE activity
Narcotics
Heroin, morphine, codeine
-severe symptoms come from using opioids regularly
-strong sens of euphoria
Opiates
Describe close relatives of optimum such as codeine morphine and heroine
Opioids
Describe entire class of drugs, including synthetic opiates such as
-oxycontin
-fentanyl
-carfentanyl
Narcotics
Legal term for illegal drugs that alter your state of consciousness while also inducing sleep and reliving pain
Psychedelics
-hallucinogenic (dramatic alternations in perception, mood and thought
-LSD, mescaline, PCP, ecstasy and marijuanna
Marijuana
-most frequently used illegal drug
-short term effects (time slowing down, enhanced sensations, hunger, laughter)
-higher doses effects (exaggerated emotions, altered sense of self)
LSD and other hallucinogens
-come from interference with serotonin at synapse
-impacts on receptor sites for dopamine
-range from clear thoughts to dramatic hangers
-negative experiences
MDMA ecstasy
-stimulant and hallucinogenic
-serotonin
-inc self confidence, well being, intense empathy for others
-inc BP, rebound depression, liver problems, memory loss, damage to neurons that rely on serotonin
Learning
Change in an organisms behaviours or thoughts as a result of experience
Habituation
Process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
-reduces focus on safe things
Sensitization
Inc in vigour of behaviour that can result from repeated presentations of a stimulus or arousal from extraneous stimuli
Pavlov discoveries
Studies digestive processes in drugs
-dogs fed in the morning when hooked to a device measuring salvia output
-after few days dogs began salivating before they could see or smell food
-discovery of classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Form of learning in which a neural stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus that elicits an automatic response
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Naturally elicits an automatic response
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Elicited by UCS, the natural response to UCS
Neutral stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not naturally or normally elicit a response
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response due to pairing with the UCS
Conditioned response (CR)
Response that is elicited by CS
Acquisition
Process of learning that the CS predicts the imminent arrival of UCS
-CS grows in strength with repeated pairings
-growth represents learning
Asymptote
When the CR occurs with every presentation of the CS and the CR is similar in magnitude to the UCR
-no further learning occurs
Extinction
When a CS is presented without the US, the CS will slowly lose the ability to elicit a CR
-predictive relationship between the CS and imminent arrival of UCS is broken
Spontaneous recovery
Seemingly extinct CR reappears if the CS is presented again following a delay after extinction
-CS reappears in somewhat weaker form
Renewal effect
When a response is extinguished in a setting different from the one in which the animal acquired it
-when restoring animal to OG setting, extinguished response reappears
-treatment of phobias
Stimulus generalization
-once a CS has been established similar stimuli may also produce a CR
-magnitude of CR produced by the new CS depends on its similarity to the old CS
Stimulus discrimination
occurs when we exhibit a less pronounced CR to CSs that differ from original CS
Higher order conditioning
Paring an NS with a CS and still get conditioning
Advertising
Paring products (NS) with attractive people having fun (UCS)
-have to be careful about latent inhibition
Fetishism
Sexual attraction to non living things
-arises from classical conditioning
-paring shoes (NS) with sex cues (naked people; UCS) that leads to sexual excitement
-eventually shoes (CS) leads to sexual excitement (UCR)
Drug tolerance
Using drugs in the same location leads to conditioned compensatory responses
Conditioned compensatory responses
When the cue (room or environment) leads to the opposite physiological reaction as the drug that should be coming room
-drinking at bar, vs drinking at home
The case of little albert
-11 month baby, afraid of noise but liked white rats
-shown white rat paired with sound of hammer blow to a gong (evoked fear response)
-after five days of training, albert was tested with various objects to replace rat (all in which were white except blocks and sealskin coat)
-each stimulus except for blocks produced a fear reaction
Operant conditioning
Is learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour
Stimulus —> response —> outcome
Target behaviour is (classical conditioning vs operant conditioning)
CC: elicited automatically
OC: emitted voluntarily
Behaviour is a function of (classical conditioning vs operant conditioning)
Cc: stimuli that precede the behaviour
Oc: consequences that follow the behaviour
Behaviour depends primarily on (classical conditioning vs operant conditioning)
Cc: autonomic ns
Oc: skeletal muscles
Law of effect was discovered by
Edward thorndike
law of effect
Basis for much of operant conditioning
-if a response in the prescience of a stimulus is followed by satisfaction, the bond between stimulus and response will be stronger
How did thorndike discover law of effect
Trained cats to escape a puzzle box
-hungry cats placed in the box, with food outside
-faster they get out of the box, faster they get food
Puzzle boxes
-long time to escape at first
-escaped more quickly each time
-process was gradual
Showed learning was incremental, did not occur through insight
Reinforcement
Any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response
Positive reinforcement
Behaviour followed by the presentation of a stimulus and behaviour is strengthened
Negative reinforcement
Behaviour is followed by the removal of stimulus and the behaviour is strengthened
Punishment
Any outcome that weakens the probability of a response
Positive punishment
Behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus and the behaviour is weakened
Negative punishment
Behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus and the behaviour is weakened
Presenting stimulus, increases target behaviour
Positive reinforcement
Presenting a stimulus, decreases target behaviour
Positive punishment
Removing a stimulus, decreases target behaviour
Negative punishment
Removing a stimulus, increases target behaviour
Negative reinforcement
Scolding by a pet owner, reducing a dogs habit of chewing on shoes
Positive punishment
Giving a gold star on homework, resulting in a student studyin more
Positive reinforcement
Confiscating a favourite toy, stopping a child from throwing future tantrums
Negative punishment
Static on phone subsides when you stand in a specific spot in your room, causing you to stand there more often
Negative reinforcement
Disadvantages of punishments
-not effective for altering behaviour in many cases
-tells what NOT to do, opposed to what they SHOULD do
-creates anxiety (interferes with future learning)
-encourage subversive behaviour
-creates model for behaviour toward others
Discriminative stimulus S^d
Any stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
Sudden re-emergence of an extinguished CR or an extinguished operant response after a delay following extinction
Stimulus generalization
In classical conditioning:
-elicitation of a response by stimuli similar to the original CS
In operant conditioning:
-inc probability of responding in the presence of stimuli similar to original S^d
Stimulus discrimination
Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original CS or S^d
Schedule reinforcement
The response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement
CRF- continous reinforcement schedules
Reinforce a behaviour every time it occurs
-fast learning, but labor intensive
-extinction can occur quickly
PRF- partial intermittent reinforcement schedules
Only some responses are reinforced
-slower learning but less labor intensive and more resistant to extinction
Four main types of schedules
-fixed ratio (FR)
-variable ratio (VR)
-fixed interval (FI)
-variable interval (VI)
Ratio schedules
Require a certain number of responses to be performed before a reinforcer is delivered
Interval schedules
Reinforce the first behaviour after period of time has elapsed
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcer delivered after a fixed number of responses
-pause after reinforcer delivered is common
-moderate rate of responding
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcer delivered after a variable number of responses that average around a particular number
-no pauses seen
-very high rate of responding