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A&P > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

total of all reactions that take place within the body

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2
Q

Body temperature

A

Normal Range

human body temp- 96.5 to 99.5

oral temp- 98.6

fluctuates 1-2 degrees during the day with lowest occurring while asleep

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3
Q

Thyroxine

A

The most important regulator of day-to-day metabolism; increases use of foods for ATP production, thereby increasing heat production

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4
Q

Epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation

A

Important in stress situations; increases the metabolic activity of many organs; increases ATP and heat production

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Normal muscle tone requires ATP; the heat produced is about 25% of the total body heat at rest

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6
Q

Liver

A

Always metabolically active; produces as much as 20% of the total body heat at rest

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7
Q

Food intake

A

increases activity of the GI tract; increases ATP and heat production

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8
Q

Higher body temperature

A

Increases metabolic rate, which increases heat production, which further increases metabolic rate and hear production; maybe become detrimental during high fever

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9
Q

Radiation

A

means that heat from the body is transferred to cooler objects not touching the skin

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10
Q

Conduction

A

The loss of heat to cooler air or objects such as clothing, that touch the skin

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11
Q

Convection

A

air currents move the warmer air away from the skin surface and facilitate the loss of heat

Ex:fan

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decreases blood flow through the dermis and thereby decreases heat loss

Ex:Shivering

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13
Q

Vasodilation

A

blood flow to dermis increases and heat loss increases

ex:sweating

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14
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

secrete sweat onto the skin surface and excess body heat evaporates the sweat

requires loss of water, which can lead to dehydration

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15
Q

Skin (major pathway) heat loss

A

Radiation and conduction- heat is loss from the body to cooler air or objects
Convection- air currents move warm air away from the skin
Sweating-excess body body heat evaporates sweat on the skin surface

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16
Q

Respiratory tract (secondary pathway) heat loss

A

Evaporation-body heat evaporates water from the respiratory mucosa, and water vapor is exhaled

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17
Q

Urinary tract (minor pathway)

A

Urination- urine is at body temperature when eliminated

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18
Q

Digestive tract (minor pathway)

A

Defecation- feces are at body temperature when eliminated

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

responsible for regulation of body temperature and is considered the “thermostat” of the bod

above 106 degrees hypothalamus begins to lose its ability to regulate temperature

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20
Q

Fever

A

Abnormally high body temperature

Pyrogens are substances that cause fevers

Pyrogens affect the hypothalamus

May be beneficial if moderately elevated

21
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up of smaller molecules into larger ones

22
Q

Catabolism

A

decomposition of the bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules

23
Q

Cell Respiration

A

Co2- waste product that is exhaled

H20- remains in the cell as part of the intracellular fluid

ATP- energy production

Involves 3 major stages: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and cytochrome transport system l

24
Q

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

A

Enter:Glucose

Need:
Niacin

Results:
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvic Acid (Aerobic: to Krebs cycle; Anaerobic: Lactic Acid formation

25
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Enter:
Pyruvic acid-from glucose
Acetyl CoA-from fatty acids

need:
thiamine
niacin
riboflavin
pantothenic acid

Results:
Co2
ATP
3NADH and 1FADH
4 carbon molecule

26
Q

Cytochrome

A

Enter:
NADH2 and FADH from glycolysis or the krebs cycle

need:
iron and copper

Results:
25 ATP
Metabolic water

27
Q

Proteins and fats

A

Proteins and fats contain potential energy sources

Excess amino acids are deaminated and fit into the Krebs cycle as pyruvic acid

Glycerol is converted into pyruvic acid and fatty acids are split into acetyl groups

28
Q

Available Energy

A

potential energy is measured in units called calories or kilocalories

1g carbs=4 kilocalories
1g of protein=4 kilocalories
1g of fat= 9 kilocalories
1g alcohol= 7 kilocalories

29
Q

Synthesis use of food

A

Glucose- raw material for the synthesis of pentose sugars

Amino acids- synthesis of the non-essential amino acids by the liver and the synthesis of new proteins in all tissues.

Fatty acids and glycerol- used for synthesis of phospholipids

30
Q

Metabolic rate

A

expressed as an amount of heat production

31
Q

Basal Metabolic rate

A

energy required for merly livng

Ex:lying quietly in bed

32
Q

Factor for metabolic rate

A

Exercise
Age
Body configuration
Sex hormones
Sympathetic stimulation
Decreased food intake

33
Q

Thiamine(b1)

A

•conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl coA in cell respiration
•synthesis of pentose sugars
•synthesis of acetylcholine

34
Q

Riboflavin (b2)

A

•part of FAD cell respiration

35
Q

Niacin (nicotinamide)

A

•Part of NAD in cell respiration
•Metabolism of fat for energy

36
Q

B12 (cyanocobalamin)

A

•Synthesis of DNA, especially in RBC production
•Metabolism of amino acids for energy
•synthesis myelin sheath, especially in the CNS

37
Q

Folic Acid (folacin)

A

•Synthesis of DNA, especially in blood cell production
• Contributes to development of fetal CNS

38
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

Synthesis of collagen,
acid)
especially for wound healing
• Metabolism of amino acids
• Absorption of iron
• An antioxidant-prevents cellular damage from free radicals

39
Q

Vitamin E

A

•An antioxidant-prevents destruction of the cell membranes
•contributes to wound healing and detoxifying ability of the liver

40
Q

Vitamin K

A

•Synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors

41
Q

Calcium

A

•Formation of bones and teeth
• Neuron and muscle functioning
• Blood clotting

42
Q

Sodium

A

•Contributes to osmotic pressure of body fluids
• Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
• Part of bicarbonate buffer system

43
Q

Potassium

A

• Contributes to osmotic pressure of body fluids
• Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

44
Q

Iron

A

• Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin
• Part of some cytochromes in cell respiration

45
Q

Iodine

A

•part of thyroxine and T3

46
Q

Sulfur

A

•part of some amino acids
•part of thiamine and biotin

47
Q

Copper

A

•Synthesis of hemoglobin
•Part of some cytochromes in cell respiration
•synthesis of melanin

48
Q

Cobalt

A

•Part of vitamin b12

49
Q

Zinc

A

•Part of carbonic anhydrase needed for CO, transport
• Part of peptidases needed for protein digestion
• Necessary for normal taste sensation
• Involved in wound healing

A&P (17 decks)

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