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A&P > chapter 18 the urinary system > Flashcards

chapter 18 the urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra

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2
Q

Functions of the urinary system?

A

-formation and removal of urine
-regulation of the volume of blood by excretion or conservation of water
-regulation of the electrolyte content of the blood
-regulation of the acid-base balance of blood

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

upper abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column behind the peritoneum

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4
Q

what is the renal fascia?

A

fibrous connective tissue that helps hold the kidneys in place

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5
Q

what is the hilus?

A

passageway for ureters, vessels and nerves

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6
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

outer tissue layer of the kidney and is made of corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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7
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

inner tissue layer of the kidney made of loops of Henle and collecting tubules

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8
Q

what are the renal pyramids?

A

wedge shaped pieces

tip of each pyramid is its apex or papilla

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9
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A

cavity formed by the expansion of the ureter within the kidney at the hilus

includes calyces- enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids

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10
Q

How does urine flow?

A

from the renal pyramids into the calyces, then to the renal pelvis and out into the ureter

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11
Q

What is the nephron?

A

the structural and functional unit of the kidney

each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons

has 2 major portions: renal corpuscle, renal tubule

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12
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

consists of a glomerulus surrounded by a bowmans capsule

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13
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a capillary network that arises from an afferent arteriole and empties into an efferent arteriole

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14
Q

What is the bowmans capsule?

A

the expanded end of a renal tubule, encloses the glomerulus

inner layer made of podocytes which creates pores which makes the layer permeable

outer layer has no pores and is not permeable

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15
Q

What is the space between the inner and outer layers of bowmans capsule?

A

contains renal filtrate which is the fluid that is formed from the blood in the glomerulus and eventually becomes urine

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16
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

comes from bowmans capsule and consists of:
proximal convoluted tubule

loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Where does the distal convoluted tubule empty into?

A

a collecting tubule

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18
Q

What do the collecting tubules do?

A

they unite to form a papillary duct that empties urine into a calyx of the renal pelvis

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19
Q

What are the renal tubules surrounded by?

A

peritubular capillaries, which arise from the efferent arterioles

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20
Q

What is urine made out of?

A

blood plasma

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21
Q

pathway of blood flow through the kidney

A

enter the renal artery, through the afferent arterioles into the glomeruli to efferent arterioles, to peritubular capillaries to a series of veins. renal vein empties blood into the inferior vena cava

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22
Q

What processes do the formation of urine involve?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

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23
Q

What happens in glomerular filtration?

A

blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances, and small proteins out of the glomeruli and into the bowmans capsules

fluid is no longer plasma but renal filtrate

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24
Q

What is the blood pressure in the glomeruli?

A

50 to 60 mm hg

relatively higher than other capillaries

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25
Q

What is the blood pressure in bowmans capsules?

A

very low

20% to 25% of the blood that enters glomeruli is forced out and becomes renal filtrate in bowmans capsules

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26
Q

What doesn’t become part of renal filtrate?

A

large proteins, and blood cells

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27
Q

What becomes part of renal filtrate?

A

waste products, vitamins and minerals are dissolved in blood plasma and become part of renal filtrate

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28
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A

the amount of renal filtrate formed by the kidneys in 1 minute and averages 100 to 125 ml per minute

29
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

takes place from the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries

30
Q

most reabsorption and secretion take place where?

A

proximal convolutes tubules

31
Q

What is active transport in the kidney?

A

cells of the renal tubule use ATP to transport most of the useful materials from the filtrate to the blood

Ex: glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and positive ions

32
Q

What is passive transport in the kidney?

A

negative ions that are returned to the blood are reabsorbed following the reabsorption of positive ions

33
Q

What is osmosis in the kidney?

A

the reabsorption of water follows the reabsorption of minerals especially sodium ions

34
Q

What is pinocytosis in the kidney?

A

small proteins are reabsorbed to the membranes of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules

35
Q

what is the threshold level of reabsorption?

A

the maximum amount of glucose or amino acids that may be reabsorbed back into the kidney

36
Q

What happens in tubular secretion?

A

substances are actively secreted from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate in the renal tubules

37
Q

The process of tubular transports these to the filtrate

A

waste products such as ammonia and creatine

metabolic products of medications

38
Q

What is an important function of the kidney?

A

remove and excrete excess hydrogen ions from the blood

39
Q

ADH hormone (posterior pituitary)

A

increases reabsorption of water from the filtrate to the blood. (urinary output decreases)

40
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (parathyroid glands)

A

increase reabsorption of Ca+2 ions from filtrate to the blood

excretion of phosphate ions into the filtrate

41
Q

Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)

A

increases reabsorption of Na+ ions from filtrate to the blood

excretion of K+ ions into the filtrate

water is reabsorbed following the reabsorption of sodium

(urinary output decreases)

42
Q

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (atria of heart)

A

decreases reabsorption of Na+ ions which remain in the filtrate

sodium and water are eliminated in urine

(urinary output increases)

43
Q

What organs are the most responsible for maintaining PH of blood and tissue fluid?

A

Kidneys

44
Q

If body fluids are becoming too acidic, what does the kidney do?

A

secret more H+ ions into renal filtrate
return more HCO3- ions to the blood

raises PH levels back to normal

45
Q

If body fluids are becoming too alkaline, what does the kidney do?

A

return H+ ions to the blood and excrete HCO3- ions in urine

lower PH levels back to normal

46
Q

What are other functions of kidneys?

A

secretion of renin- blood pressure decreases

secretion of erythropoietin- blood oxygen level decreases

activation of vitamin D-

47
Q

What are the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra responsible for?

A

periodic elimination of urine

48
Q

What are ureters?

A

lower posterior side of the urinary bladder

propels urine toward the urinary bladder

49
Q

What is the location of urinary bladder in men and women?

A

women- bladder inferior to the uterus

men- bladder is superior to the prostate gland

50
Q

what is the function of the bladder?

A

a reservoir for accumulating urine, and it contracts to eliminate urine

51
Q

the part of the urinary bladder that expels urine from the bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

52
Q

the part of the urinary bladder that permits expansion without tearing the lining?

A

rugae

53
Q

the internal urethral sphincter is?

A

part of the urinary bladder that prevents outflow of urine

involuntary

54
Q

What is the urethra?

A

carries urine from the bladder to the exterior

55
Q

How long is the urethra in men and women?

A

women: 1-1.5 inches
men: 7 to 8 inches

56
Q

Voluntary control of the urinary reflex is provided by __, which __

A

external urethra sphincter/ contracts to prevent urination

57
Q

the part of the CNS that is directly involved with in the urination reflex is the?

A

spinal cord

58
Q

What is urination also called?

A

micturition or voiding

59
Q

normal urine amount

A

1-2 liters per 24 hours
depends on fluid intake

60
Q

normal color of urine

A

straw or amber; darker means more concentrated, should be clear not cloudy

61
Q

specific gravity of urine

A

1.010-1.025; a measure of the dissolved material in urine

lower the value=more diluted

62
Q

normal PH of urine

A

range 4.6-8.0

average 6

diet has greatest effect on ph

63
Q

composition of urine

A

95% water; 5% salts and waste products

64
Q

nitrogenous waste of urine

A

urea- from amino acid metabolism

creatine- from muscle metabolism

uric acid- from nucleic acid metabolism

65
Q

Glycosuria

A

presence of glucose in urine

66
Q

Proteinuria

A

presence of protein in urine

67
Q

Hematuria

A

presence of blood in urine

68
Q

Bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in blood

69
Q

Ketonuria

A

presence of ketones in urine

A&P (17 decks)

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