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A&P > Chapter 9 the senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9 the senses Flashcards

1
Q

What does the sensory pathway consist of?

A

Receptors, sensory neurons, sensory tracts and sensory areas

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2
Q

What do the receptors do?

A

detect changes (stimuli) and generate impulses

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3
Q

What do the sensory neurons do?

A

transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS

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4
Q

What do the sensory tracts do?

A

white matter in the spinal cord or brain that transmits impulses to a specific part of the brain

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5
Q

What are the sensory areas?

A

most of are in the cerebral cortex. they feel and interpret sensations

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6
Q

What is projection?

A

sensation seems to come from the area where the receptors where stimulated even though its the brain that truly feels the sensation

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7
Q

What is localization?

A

the ability to identify the part of the body receiving the sensation

learned in infancy

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8
Q

What is intensity?

A

the degree to which a sensation is felt

a strong stimulus affects more receptors, more impulses are sent to the brain and are interpreted as a more intense sensation

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9
Q

What is contrast?

A

the effect of a previous or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation as the brain compares them

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10
Q

What is adaptation?

A

becoming unaware of a continuing stimulus

if the stimulus remains constant, there is no change for receptors to detect

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11
Q

What is after-image?

A

the sensation remains in the consiousness after the stimulus has stopped; often true for sensations of greater intensity

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12
Q

What is free-nerve endings?

A

receptors for heat, cold, itch, and pain

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13
Q

what is encapsulated nerve endings?

A

receptors for touch and pressure

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14
Q

Where are sensory areas located?

A

parietal lobes; largest areas are in the hands and face

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15
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

damage to nerves that impairs sensation

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16
Q

What is referred pain?

A

visceral pain that is felt as cutaneous pain

common pathways in the CNS carry both cutaneous and visceral impulses

the brain usually projects sensation to the more frequent source of impulses

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17
Q

What do stretch receptors in muscles do?

A

they detect stretching which enable the brain to create a mental picture of the muscles

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18
Q

Where are the sensory areas for conscious muscle located?

A

parietal lobes

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19
Q

Why does the cerebellum use unconscious muscle sense?

A

to coordinate voluntary movement

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20
Q

What are chemoreceptors for taste?

A

are in tastebuds on the tongue

detect chemicals in solution in the mouth

touch receptors detect textures

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21
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory;

foods stimulate combination of receptors

pain receptors for “hot food”

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22
Q

where are the impulses from the taste buds transmitted?

A

by the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves to the taste areas in the parietal-temporal cortex

some adaptation does occur

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23
Q

what are chemoreceptors for smell?

A

olfactory receptors in upper nasal cavities, detect vaporized chemicals

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24
Q

how are olfactory receptors transmitted?

A

olfactory nerves through the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulbs to olfactory areas in the temporal lobes

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25
Q

Are taste and smell intertwined?

A

yes

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26
Q

Hunger and thirst may be called what?

A

visceral sensations

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27
Q

Receptors for hunger?

A

in hypothalamus, detect changes in GI hormones and nutrient levels in the blood

hunger is projected to the stomach

adaption does occur at first

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28
Q

Receptors for thirst?

A

in hypothalamus, osmoreceptors detect changes in body water;

thirst is projected to the mouth and pharynx

adaptation does not occur

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29
Q

What do the eyelashes and eyelids do?

A

spread tears and keep dust out of eyes

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30
Q

what is the conjunctivae?

A

lines the eyelids and cover the white eye

31
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

inflammation of conjunctivae

may be caused by allergies or by certain baceria

32
Q

what are tears produced by?

A

lacrimal glands, which flows across the eyeball to two lacrimal ducts, to lacrimal sac, to nasolacrimal duct to nasal activity

33
Q

What do tears do?

A

wash the anterior eyeball and contains lysozome to inhibit bacterial growth

34
Q

What is the eyeball protected by?

A

the bony orbit (socket)

35
Q

What do the six extrinsic muscles do?

A

four rectus and two oblique

move the eyeball up, down, and side to side

nerves are the 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves

36
Q

What is the schlera?

A

outermost layer of the eyeball, made of fibrous connective tissue; anterior portion is the transparent cornea, the first light refracting structure

37
Q

What is the choroid layer?

A

middle layer of eyeball; dark blue pigment absorbs light to prevent glare within the eyeball

38
Q

what is the ciliary body?

A

a circular smooth muscle that surrounds the edge of the lens and is connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments

39
Q

ciliary body and suspensory ligaments

A

change shape of lens, which is made of a transparent elastic protein and which refracts light

40
Q

what is the lens?

A

transparent and elastic protein disc behind the iris; refracts the light rays and is adjustable for different distances

41
Q

what is the iris?

A

two sets of smooth muscle fibers regulate diameter of pupil, that is, how much light strikes the retina

radial fibers-dilate pupils (sympathetic)

circular fibers-constrict pupils (parasympathetic)

42
Q

What is the retina?

A

innermost layer of eyeball; contains rods and cones

43
Q

what do the rods and cones do?

A

rods- detect light; abundant toward periphery of retina

cones- detect color; abundant in center of retina

44
Q

What is the fovea?

A

in the center of the macula lutea; contains only cones; area of best color vision

45
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

no rods or cones; optic nerve passes through eyeball

46
Q

what are the two cavities within the eyes?

A

posterior cavity and anterior cavity

47
Q

What is the posterior cavity?

A

found between lens and retina and contains vitreous humor that keeps the retina in place

48
Q

what is the anterior cavity?

A

found between cornea and lens and contains aqueous humor that nourishes the lens and cornea;

made by capillaries of the ciliary body, flows through pupil, is reabsorbed to blood at the canal of Schlemm

49
Q

what is refraction of light rays?

A

the deflection or bending of a ray of light as it passes through one object and into another object greater or lesser density

takes place within the cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor

50
Q

what is the only adjustable part of the refraction system?

A

the lens

ciliary muscles relaxes for distant vision, and lens is thin

ciliary muscle contracts for near vision, and elastic lens thickens and has greater refractive power

51
Q

what happens when light strikes retina?

A

stimulates chemical reactions in the rods and cones

52
Q

In rods, which chemical breaks down to form scotopsin and retinal?

A

rhodopsin

53
Q

In cones, specific wavelengths of light are absorbed which are?

A

red- absorbing, blue-absorbing, and green absorbing cones

54
Q

what are ganglion neurons?

A

receive impulses generated by the rods and cones

their axons form the optic nerve

55
Q

what are optic nerves?

A

the 2nd cranial nerves, each extends posteriorly from the retina to the optic chiasma

56
Q

What is the optic chiasma?

A

site of the crossover of medial fibers of both optic nerves, permitting binocular vision

57
Q

optic tracts

A

nerve pathways from the optic chiasma to the brain; branches take impulses to the mid-brain for visual reflexes

convergence at the thalamus for integration and dispersal

continuations to the occipital lobes for seeing and interpretation

58
Q

Where are the visual areas?

A

the areas in the occiptal lobes where impulses from the retina are “seen” and interpreted

59
Q

what does the outer ear consist of?

A

auricle and the ear canal

60
Q

what is the auricle or pinna?

A

the external ear, made of cartilage covered with skin

has no function for people

61
Q

what is the external auditory meatus?

A

the ear canal, a tunnel into the temporal bone that ends at the eardrum

62
Q

what is the tympanic membrane?

A

the eardrum, the first structure to vibrate when sound waves enter the ear canal

63
Q

what is the malleus, incus, and stapes?

A

the bones of the middle ear cavity (filled with air) which transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window and the cochlea of the inner ear

64
Q

what is the eustachian tube?

A

extends from the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx; permits air to enter or leave to equalize the pressure and allow the eardrum to vibrate properly

65
Q

what is the bony and membranous labryinths ?

A

the inner ear cavities in the temporal bone, filled with fluid, the vestibule contains the utricle and saccule; adjacent are three semiculuar canals

66
Q

what is the chochlea?

A

shaped like a snail shell, receives vibrations from the stapes at the oval window; vibrations continue to the round window, which bulges to equalize the pressure, contains the spiral organ of corti

67
Q

what is the utricle and saccule?

A

membranous sacs that contain otoliths (CaCo crystals) that are pulled by gravity and bend hair cells when the head tilits; impulses from the hair cells are carried by the 8th cranial nerve

68
Q

What is the semicircular canals?

A

three membrane loops, each containing a tuft of hair cells (crista) that are bent by movement of the head or body as a whole; impulses from the hair cells are carried by the 8th cranial nerve

69
Q

VII (8th) cranial nerve (auditory or vestibulocochlear)

A

tranmits impulses from all of the inner ear receptors to the brain; temporal lobes for hearing; cerebellum, midbrain, and cerebrum for equilibrium

70
Q

what is the aortic arch?

A

receives blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart, curves over the top of the heart

71
Q

what are the left and right carotid arteries?

A

branches of the aortic arch that take blood through the neck on the way to the brain

72
Q

what do the pressoreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic sinuses?

A

detect changes in blood pressure

73
Q

what do the chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic body do?

A

detect changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content and the ph of blood

74
Q
A

A&P (17 decks)

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