module 5 - 14.3 regulation of blood glucose concentration

Question 1

what are glucose fats?

Answer 1

• small, soluble monosaccharide molecule
• homeostatic norm is 90mg 100cm^-3 blood

Question 2

what are 3 processes to increase blood glucose concentration?

Answer 2

1. diet
2. glycogenolysis increase
3. gluconeogenesis increase

Question 3

how does diet increase blood glucose concentration?

Answer 3

eating and digesting carbohydrates e.g. polysaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides

Question 4

how does an increase in glycogenolysis increase blood glucose concentration?

Answer 4

breaking down glycogen in liver and muscle cells into glucose and releasing glucose into the blood

Question 5

how does an increase in gluconeogenesis increase blood glucose concentration?

Answer 5

production of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g. liver making glucose from triglycerides

Question 6

what are the target cells for glucagon?

Answer 6

liver and muscle cells

Question 7

what should you not call blood glucose?

Answer 7

always blood glucose, never blood sugar

Question 8

what is negative feedback?

Answer 8

reverses original stimulus

Question 9

which processes decrease blood glucose concentration?

Answer 9

1. respiration
2. glycogenesis increase

Question 10

how does respiration increase blood glucose concentration?

Answer 10

• glucose in blood used for cellular respiration to produce ATP
• demand for ATP increases, then drain on blood glucose increases

Question 11

how does glycogenesis decrease blood glucose concentration?

Answer 11

• produces glycogen
• blood glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 12

what happens if blood glucose is too high?

Answer 12

• beta cells detect change and release insulin into bloodstream
• most cells have insulin receptors in cell surface, but main response comes from liver and skeletal muscle cells
• glucose transport channel proteins open, glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion - blood glucose is lowered

Question 13

how do cells deal with too much glucose?

Answer 13

• increase respiratory rate
• increase rate of glycogenesis in liver cells
• increase rate of glucose conversion to fat by fat cells
• inhibiting release of glucagon by alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans

Question 14

which cells detect if blood glucose is too high or low?

Answer 14

• too high = beta cells = release insulin
• too low = alpha cells = release glucagon

Question 15

what happens if blood glucose is too low?

Answer 15

alpha cells detect change and release glucagon into bloodstream

Question 16

which responses are initiated by glocagon to increase blood glucose?

Answer 16

1. increase rate of glycogenolysis in lover cells which release glucose into blood
2. increase rate of gluconeogenesis and releases glucose into blood
3. inhibiting absorption of glucose from the blood by liver cells
4. inhibiting glycolysis in the liver
   5.

Question 17

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 17

conversion of certain amino acids and glycerol into glucose

Question 18

why must cells get rid of glucose flooding into them?

Answer 18

water potential must be maintained