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CPT 2024 > Body Systems, Blood Pressure, Muscles > Flashcards

Body Systems, Blood Pressure, Muscles Flashcards

CPT 2024 Exam

1
Q

What are the three most important organ systems in the body

A
  1. Nervous Sytem
  2. Muscular System
  3. Skeletal System
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2
Q

What is the Nervous System composed of?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves

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3
Q

What are the two main systems in the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

What is the Central Nervous System Responsible for

A

Receiving sensory input and functions to organize, analyze and process information

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5
Q

What is the Peripheral System Responsible for

A

Conveying motor commands, carrying sensory information to the CNS and regulating involuntary functions

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6
Q

What type of Neurons is the PNS comprised of

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor) and Afferent Neurons (Sensory)

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7
Q

What are Afferent Neurons

A

Sensory Neurons sending information from a stimulus to the CNS (Afferent signals Arrive at CNS)

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8
Q

What are Efferent Neurons

A

Motor Neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement (Efferent signals Exit the CNS)

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9
Q

Motor Neurons breakdown into two different nervous systems

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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10
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System

A

The part of the NS in charge of controlling voluntary movements

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11
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System

A

The part of the NS responsible for involuntary functions and movements

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous system is comprised of what

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System

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13
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The autonomic system responsible for ‘Rest & Digest’

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14
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The autonomic system responsible for ‘ Fight or Flight’

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15
Q

What is the All-Or-None Principle

A

All recruited motor neurons fire at a maximal strength, regardless of the number recruited - the neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

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16
Q

What are Alpha Motor Neurons

A

Motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contraction

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17
Q

What is Motor Function

A

When sensory input has been integrated by the CNS, efferent signals are sent to the tissues of the body to generate a muscle contraction or secrete a hormone

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18
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

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19
Q

What is the Muscular System

A

Under control of the motor neurons it includes 3 different types of muscle tissues and 600 named muscles

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

Cardiac, Smooth and Skeletal

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21
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle tissue

A

Involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart, it does not fatigue easily

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22
Q

What is Smooth Muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue found in the gut and internal organs that is involuntary controlled

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23
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle tissue

A

The voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons that produce human movementW

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24
Q

What 4 types of tissues is the Skeletal Muscle tissue made of

A

Muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue and vascular tissue

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25
Q

What makes up a muscle

A

Muscle fibers and individual cells

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26
Q

What is Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contains oxygen, binding proteins and glycogen

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27
Q

What is Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles

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28
Q

What is a myofibril

A

Filaments that form muscle, it is organized like a chain

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29
Q

What two proteins are in the Myofibril

A

Actin and Myosin

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30
Q

What two proteins are responsible for muscle contraction

A

Actin and Myosin

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31
Q

What is Actin

A

Thin filaments of the muscle myofilament, where myosin binds to contract the muscles

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32
Q

What is Myosin

A

Thick filaments of the muscle myofilament, where actin binds to contract the muscles

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33
Q

What is a Sacomere

A

The contractile unit of a muscle tissue

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34
Q

At the molecular level, what three elements are exchanged for muscle contraction

A

Calcium, Sodium and Potassium

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35
Q

What are Tendons

A

A strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone

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36
Q

What is the Sliding Filament Theory

A

The interaction of Actin and Myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction

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37
Q

What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

Main energy molecule in cells

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37
Q

What are Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

Type 1 fibers, high mitochondrial density and myoglobin, red in colour. Aerobic activities. High liability recruitment

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37
Q

What are Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

Type IIA and Type IIX, contract quickly with great force, recruited for high intensity activities requiring strength and power, low/moderate liability recruitment

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37
Q

What type of Athletes are dominant in Type 1 Muscle fibers

A

Cross country runners, triathletes, distance swimmers, cyclists

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37
Q

Describe Type IIA muscle fibers

A

Fast twitch, moderately fatiguable, moderate mitochondrial density, anaerobic activities, pink in colour

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37
Q

Describe Type IIX muscle fibers

A

Fast twitch, fast to fatigue, low mitochondrial density, lower capillary density giving them a white colour.

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38
Q

What type of Athletes are dominant in Type IIA / IIX fibers?

A

Weight lifters, gymnasts, baseball players, paddle

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39
Q

What is the Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment (Henneman Principle)

A

Fibers with a high level of liability are recruited first and those with lower levels of liability are recruited last. Motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates

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39
Q

What is a Fusiform Muscle and give an example

A

Spindle shaped muscle with a large belly. Example; Bicep

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40
Q

What is a Convergent Muscle and give an example

A

Triangular muscle (broad at one end with fibers converging and narrowing on the other end). Example; Pectoralis Major

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41
Q

What is a Circular Muscle and give an example

A

Surrounds external openings of the body. Examples, Sphincters

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42
Q

What is a Parallel Muscle and give an example

A

Fibers running parallel to the axis of the muscle. Example; Sartorius (long thigh muscle)

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43
Q

What is a Penniform Muscle

A

Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon

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44
Q

What is a Pennate Muscle

A

Attached to a central tendon at a diagonal angle

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45
Q

What is a Unipennate Muscle and give an example

A

Muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon. Example; Flexor Pollicis Longus (forearm muscle)

46
Q

What is a Bipennate Muscle and give an example

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon. Example; Soleus (calf)

47
Q

What is a Multipennate Muscle and give an example

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons. Example; Deltoid

48
Q

What are the three types of muscle actions

A

Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric

49
Q

What is Concentric muscle action

A

The overall shortening of a muscle as it is producing tension

50
Q

What is Eccentric muscle action

A

The overall lengthening of a muscle as it is producing tension

51
Q

What is Isometric muscle action

A

No change in the length of a muscle as it produces tension

52
Q

What is the Strength-Shortening Cycle (SSC)

A

The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) actions of the same muscle

53
Q

What are the three phases of the SSC (Strength-Shorting Cycle)

A
  1. Eccentric (loading phase) 2. Amoritization (transition phase) 3. Concentric (release phase)
54
Q

What is the Skeletal System

A

Structure and support for the human body come from the skeleton and its 206 individual bones

55
Q

What is a Joint

A

An articulation between two bones in the body

56
Q

The human skeleton is divided into two parts, what are they

A

Axial and Appendicular

57
Q

What consists of the Axial Bones

A

Bones of the head, trunk and vertebrae (skull, spine and ribs)

58
Q

What consists of the Appendicular Bones

A

Bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs

59
Q

What are the functions of bones

A

Provide support and protection for organs, produce blood cells, store and release minerals and lipids and provide leverage for movement

60
Q

What are the 5 different types of Bones

A

Flat, Short, Long, Sesamoid and Irregular

61
Q

What are Flat Bones

A

Protect internal organs and provide large surface area for muscles to attach. Can be flat, thin and curved

62
Q

What is an example of a flat bone

A

Ribs, scapula, sternum

63
Q

What are Short Bones

A

Cube shaped, provide stability and limited amount of movement

64
Q

Examples of a short bone

A

Carpals (wrists) Tarsals (ankles)

65
Q

What are Long Bones

A

Support body weight and facilitate movement. Long, wide, cylinder shape

66
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Femur, radius and ulna

67
Q

What are Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, round, found in joints and tendons

68
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bones

A

Patella (knee cap)

69
Q

What are Irregular Bones

A

Complex shape, serve a variety of purposes (protecting vital organs)

70
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae

71
Q

What is Wolff’s Law

A

The explanation for bone adaptions as a result of the loads placed on them. Strength training helps to build stronger bones

72
Q

What are the three types of joints in the body

A
  1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
73
Q

What is a Fibrous Joint

A

Connected by dense connective tissue made of collagen. Very little movement.

74
Q

What is a Cartilaginous Joint

A

Moderately moveable joints made up of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Primary (growth plates) & Secondary (intervertebral discs)

75
Q

What is a Synovial Joint

A

The most common and moveable joints, fluid filled (Synovial fluid) joints found between bones that move against one another (knee)

76
Q

What are the 6 types of Synovial joints

A
  1. Ball and socket 2. Saddle 3. Hinge 4. Gliding 5. Pivot 6. Condyloid
77
Q

What is a Ball-and-Socket joint

A

Wide range of movement in many directions. Example; Shoulder, hip

78
Q

What is a Saddle joint

A

Like ball-and-socket but they cannot rotate

79
Q

What is a Hinge Joint

A

Allows for a wide range of movement in one direction

80
Q

What is a Gliding Joint

A

Two flat bones pressed up against each other

81
Q

What is a Pivot Joint

A

They rotate around a long axis line that runs parallel to the joint

82
Q

What is a Condyloid Joint

A

They move in two directions (one primary, second small ROM). Rotation is not allowed.

83
Q

What is the Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Sensory organ that senses muscle tension and inhibits muscle action (to prevent injury)

84
Q

What is a Muscle Spindle

A

Sensory organ that senses muscle stretch/lengthening in a muscle and promotes muscle action

85
Q

What is a feedback loop

A

The return of a systems output as input for a future action

86
Q

What are the three different ligaments

A
  1. Extrinsic 2. Intrinsic 3. Capsular
87
Q

What is an Extrinsic Ligament

A

Located outside the joint (LCL)

88
Q

What is an Intrinsic Ligament

A

Located inside the joint (ACL, PCL)

89
Q

What is a Capsular Ligament

A

Continuous with the joint capsule (MCL)

90
Q

What does Varus mean

A

An abnormal joint movement away from the midline (bowlegged)

91
Q

What does Valgus mean

A

An abnormal joint movement towards the midline (knock kneed)

92
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation

A

Blood flow between the heart and lungs

93
Q

What is Systemic Circulation

A

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body

94
Q

What is Metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur in the body to support life, including converting food into energy

95
Q

What is a Cardiac Cycle

A

One alternating cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart during one heart beat

96
Q

What is Systole

A

The heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries –> ventricles contracts

97
Q

What is Diastole

A

The heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chamber fills with blood

98
Q

What is considered the pacemaker of the heart

A

The Sinoatrial (SA) Node - it generates the first electrical signal of a heart beat and stimulates the atria to contract (inside the right atrium)

99
Q

What is Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction

100
Q

What is Heart Rate (HR)

A

The number of heartbeats / minute

101
Q

What is a normal resting HR

A

60 - 100 bpm

102
Q

What is Blood Pressure

A

A measurement of the force of blood flow within the blood vessels

103
Q

How do you measure blood pressure

A

Systolic (contract) / Diastolic (relax)

104
Q

What is normal blood pressure

A

120/80

105
Q

What is Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure (90/60 or lower)

106
Q

What is Hypertension

A

High blood pressure (140/90 or higher)

107
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

The thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

108
Q

What does the Lymphatic system regulate during exercise

A

Fluid volume and pressure within tissues

109
Q

What is a Lymph

A

A colourless fluid surrounding tissues that carry white blood cells

110
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Balancing fluids, absorbing fats and fat soluble vitamins and defending against illness

111
Q

What is External Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between lungs and blood (pulmonary capillary)

112
Q

What is Internal Respiration

A

The process of diffusing oxygen from blood into interstitual fluid into the cells (systemic capillary)

113
Q

What is Hemoglobin

A

A protein found in red blood cells, oxygen binds to during internal respiration

114
Q

What is the Endocrine System

A

Regulates growth, development, homeostasis, reproduction and metabolic activities through hormones

115
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes

A

When there is too much blood sugar

116
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes

A

An autoimmune reaction - the body attacks cells and pancreas that produces insulin

117
Q

How many Americans have Type 1 Diabetes

A

5-10%

118
Q

What keeps blood glucose levels in an ideal range

A

Insulin and Glucagon

119
Q
A

CPT 2024 (9 decks)

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