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CPT 2024 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

CPT 2024 Theory Exam

1
Q

What does Anterior/Ventral mean

A

Front

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2
Q

What does Posterior/Dorsal mean

A

Back

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3
Q

What does Superior mean

A

Above (a reference point)

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4
Q

What does Inferior mean

A

Below (a reference point)

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5
Q

What does Proximal mean

A

Position close to centre of the body

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6
Q

What does Distal mean

A

Position farther from reference point

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7
Q

What does Medial mean

A

Position relatively closer to midline of the body

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8
Q

What does Lateral mean

A

To the side or away from the midline of the body

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9
Q

What does Prone mean

A

Lying face down

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10
Q

What does Supine mean

A

Lying on back

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11
Q

What does Deep mean

A

Further beneath surface relative to another reference point

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12
Q

What does Superficial mean

A

Closer to the surface relative to another reference point

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13
Q

What does Unilateral mean

A

Refers to only one side

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14
Q

What does Bilateral mean

A

Refers to both sides

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15
Q

What does Ipsilateral mean

A

On the same side

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16
Q

What does Contralateral mean

A

On the opposite side

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17
Q

What does Caudal mean

A

Toward bottom

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18
Q

What does Cephalic mean

A

Toward head

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19
Q

What does Volar mean

A

Relating to palm of hand or sole of the foot

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20
Q

What does Abduction mean

A

Movement away from midline

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21
Q

What does Adduction mean

A

Movement towards the midline

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22
Q

What does Flexion mean

A

Movement decreases angle between two body parts

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23
Q

What does Extension mean

A

Movement increases angle between two body parts

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24
Q

What is Lateral Flexion

A

Flexion in the frontal plane

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25
Q

What is Protraction

A

Abduction of the scapula (shoulder)

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26
Q

What is Retraction

A

Adduction of the scapula (shoulder)

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27
Q

What is Elevation

A

Movement in a superior direction

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28
Q

What is Depression

A

Movement in an inferior direction

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29
Q

What is Plantarflexion

A

Extension of the foot downward (inferiorly)

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30
Q

What is Dorsiflexsion

A

Extension of the foot upwards (superiorly)

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31
Q

What is External Rotation

A

Rotational movement away from midline

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32
Q

What is Internal Rotation

A

Rotational movement toward midline

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33
Q

What is Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint where the movement is controlled

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34
Q

What is Inversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane

35
Q

What is Eversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane

36
Q

What is Pronation

A

Turning the palm or arch of the foot down

37
Q

What is Supination

A

Turning the palm or the arch of the foot up

38
Q

What is Hyperextension

A

Position that extends beyond anatomical neutral

39
Q

What is Ipsilateral

A

Same side movement

40
Q

What is Contralateral

A

Opposite side movement

41
Q

What are the three planes of motion

A
  1. Frontal 2. Sagittal 3. Transverse
42
Q

How is the Frontal plane divided

A

Imaginary line that divides the body into front and back halves. Any lateral (side) movement parallel to the line will occur in front plane.

43
Q

How is the Sagittal plane divided

A

Imaginary line that divides the body into right and left halves. Any forward/backward movement parallel to the line will occur in sagittal plane.

44
Q

How is the Transverse plane divided

A

Imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior halves. Any rotational movement parallel to the line will occur in transverse plane.

45
Q

Shoulder lat raises happen in what movement plane

A

Frontal

46
Q

Bench press / chest press happen in what movement plane

A

Sagittal

47
Q

Russian twists happen in what movement plane

A

Transverse

48
Q

List 4 movements in the Frontal Plan

A

Abduction, Adduction, Scapula depression/elevation, Scapula upward/downward rotation, Eversion, Inversion

49
Q

List 4 movements in the Sagittal Plane

A

Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion, Knee flexsion/extention, Trunk flexion/extention

50
Q

List 4 movements in the Transverse Plane

A

Rotation (neck, torso, head), Scapular retraction/protraction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, internal/external rotation

51
Q

What is Balance

A

Even distribution of weight

52
Q

What is Equilibrium

A

Opposing forces influences are balanced

53
Q

What is Stability

A

Ability to control and maintain joint movement or body position

54
Q

What is Center of Gravity

A

Hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act

55
Q

What is Muscular Force

A

The contraction of a muscle while exerting a force and performing work

56
Q

What joints typically need greater mobility

A

Foot, ankle, hip, thoracic spine, shoulder, wrist

57
Q

What joints typically need greater stability

A

Knee, lumbar spine, cervical spine, elbow

58
Q

What is an Agonist Muscle

A

Prime mover

59
Q

What is an Antagonist Muscle

A

Opposing muscle to prime mover

60
Q

What is the origin of a muscle

A

The proximal (closest to midline of the body) muscular attachment point to a bone

61
Q

What is the Insertion point of a muscle

A

The distal muscular attachment point to a bone

62
Q

What is Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Inhibition

A

A law that states for every muscle activation there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle

63
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Biceps Brachii

A

Origin: Long head Supraglenoid tubercle & upper lip of glenoid fossa / Short head coracoid process of scapula & upper lip of glenoid fossa

Insertion: Tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosis

64
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Brachialis

A

Origin: Distal half of anterior portion of Humerus

Insertion: Coronoid process of the Ulna

65
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Triceps Brachii

A

Origin:
- Long Head: Infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of scapula
- Lateral Head: Upper half of posterior surface of Humerus
- Medial Head: Distal 2/3 of posterior surface of humerus

Insertion: Olecranon process of the Ulna

66
Q

Muscles of the upper arm

A
  1. Humerus (bone)
  2. Biceps brachii (long & short head)
  3. Triceps brachii (lateral, long and medial head)
  4. Brachialis
67
Q

Muscles of the forearm (Anterior Superficial)

A

Brachioradialis
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Capri ulnaris

68
Q

Muscles of the forearm (Posterior Superficial)

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Digitorum

69
Q

Muscles of the shoulder

A

Supraspinarus
Spine of scapula
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis

70
Q

Muscles of the deltoid

A

Posterior deltoid
Lateral Deltoid
Anterior deltoid

71
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Deltoid

A

Origin:
Anterior: Anterior lateral third of clavical
Middle: Lateral aspects of acromion
Inferior: Inferior edge of spine scapula

Insertion:
Anterior: Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
Middle: Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
Inferior: Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus

72
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Subscapularis

A

Origin: Entire anterior surface of subscapular fossa
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

73
Q

Muscles of the back

A

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
External Obliques
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Quadratus lumboum
Rhombiod minor and major
Multifidus
Spinalis
Longissimus
Illiocostalis

74
Q

What three muscles make up the erector spinae group

A

Spinalis, longissimus, Illocostalis

75
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Latissimus Dorsi

A

Origin: Posterior crest of ilium, back of sacrum and spinous process of lumbar and lower T6-T12

Insertion: Medial side of the intertubercular groove of humerus

76
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Trapezius

A

Origin:
Upper: Base of skull,
Middle: Spinous process of 7C and T1-T3
Lower: Spinous process of T4-T12

Insertion
Upper: Posterior aspect of the lateral clavicle
Middle: Medial border of the acromion process
Lower: Base of scapular spine

77
Q

Muscles of the Midsection

A

External oblique,
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Transverse abdominis
Linea alba
Linea semilunaris
Rectus sheath
Erector spinae

78
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Rectus Abdominis

A

Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Inferior surfaces of costal cartilages

79
Q

What is the origin and insertion points for Transverse Abdominis

A

Origin: Lower ribs, iliac crest and lumbodorsal fascia
Insertion: Linea alba and pubis

80
Q

Muscles of the chest

A

Pectoralis major & minor
Subclavius

81
Q

Muscles of the upper leg (anterior)

A

Tensor fasciae latea
Sartorius
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis

82
Q

Muscles of the hip

A

Psoas
Iliacus

83
Q

Muscles of the upper leg (posterior)

A

Gluteus medius, minimus and maximus
Gracilis
Vastus lateralis
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

84
Q

Muscles of the lower leg

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior
Peroneus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor Hallucis longus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Peroneus Brevis

CPT 2024 (9 decks)

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