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Clever Orca VTNE Prep > Surgical Principles > Flashcards

Surgical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered essential in the surgical suite
A Time management
B Monitoring
C Music
D Communication

A

C Music

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2
Q

Esmarch bandages and tourniquets are occasionally used in equine surgery. What is the maximum time that a tourniquet may be left in place?
A 1 hour
B 2 hours
C 5 minutes on, 5 minutes off
D 30 minutes

A

D 30 minutes
The purpose is to help push blood out of a limb by wrapping the bandage from distal to proximal and then applying a tourniquet. The surgeon can minimize the amount of bleeding at the surgical site

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3
Q

Which of the following scenarios are Mayo scissors most practical?
A To cut and dissect delicate tissue
B To cut and dissect tough tissue
C To cut and remove sutures from a healed surgical site
D To cut into the eye in intraocular procedures

A

B To cut and dissect tough tissue

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4
Q

Which surgical instrument has no gripping teeth and is a self retaining forceps used for delicate tissue?
A Babcock
B Allis
C Ferguson
D Roeder

A

A Babcock

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5
Q

Which instrument can be sued to cut through bone?
A Wire cutting scissors
B Kern forceps
C Verbrugge
D Osteotome

A

D Osteotome

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6
Q

Veterinarians often utilize an OVH hook, or spay hook, when performing a spay procedure. Which of the following instrument categories does this tool belong in?
A Needle drivers
B Retractors
C Forceps
D Elevators

A

B Retractors

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7
Q

What is the term for removing ischemic and necrotic tissue from a wound?
A Skin scraping
B Incising
C Debridement
D Grafting

A

C Debridement

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8
Q

Which of the following methods is ideal for surgical drapes?
A Accordion folding
B Square folding
C Diagonal folding
D Triangle folding

A

A Accordion folding

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9
Q

What type of folding method is preferred for cloth drapes that would allow for easy unfolding and placement of the drape?
A Triangular folding
B Bunching method
C Square folding
D Accordion folding

A

D Accordion folding

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10
Q

The definition of sterile is:
A Without microbes or living spores
B Without pathogenic microbes
C With the presence of commensal organisms only
D Without bacteria or their by-products

A

A Without microbes or living spores

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11
Q

Which of the following scissors should be used for cutting through dense or thick tissues and fascia?
A Olsen-Hegar
B Metzenbaum
C Mayo
D Iris

A

C Mayo

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12
Q

What is an elective surgery?
A One that is an emergency and must be done immediately to save the animal
B One that is risk free and ensures survival of the patient
C One that is scheduled in advance and it is non-essential
D One that requires preoperative bloodwork to be performed

A

C One that is scheduled in advance and it is non-essential

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13
Q

Which method below is required for surgical scrub preparation of an incision site?
A In vertical lines, with the first line being on the incision line
B Spiraling in from the outside edges of the incision site
C As long as the surgical incision site is scrubbed thoroughly, the technique is not important
D Spiraling out from the centre of the incision site to the outer edges

A

D Spiraling out from the centre of the incision site to the outer edges

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14
Q

Which of the following gauges represents the largest diameter wire?
A 22 gauge
B 20 gauge
C 18 gauge
D 26 gauge

A

C 18 gauge

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15
Q

Which of the following is true of Huck towels?
A Huck towels are placed after the surgical drape
B Huck towels are only used for cleaning purposes
C Huck towels may be be used in place of the drape
D Huck towels are placed prior to the surgical drape

A

D Huck towels are placed prior to the surgical drape

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16
Q

The skin of a prepped surgical site is considered:
A Bacteria-free
B Sterile
C Aseptic
D Asepsis

A

C Aseptic

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16
Q

The forceps with longitudinal grooves and distal transverse grooves are called:
A Rochester-Carmalt
B Rochester-Pean
C Rochester-Ochsner
D Mayo-Hegar

A

A Rochester-Carmalt

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17
Q

Surgical Preparation/clipping is performed with a no. ___ blade
A 10
B 15
C 25
D 40

A

D 40

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17
Q

What is the typically recommended time for a patient to return for suture removal?
A 15-20 days after surgery
B 20-24 days after surgery
C 10-14 days after surgery
D 5-7 days after surgery

A

C 10-14 days after surgery

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18
Q

In what position would you put an equine patient for a colic surgery?
A Dorsal recumbency
B Standing
C Lateral recumbency
D Ventral recumbency

A

A Dorsal recumbency
Provides best access to the horse’s organs when performing the colic surgery

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19
Q

A spay hook is used for:
A Removal of a mammary gland
B Retracting sutures
C Finding the uterine horns
D Cutting suture material after a spay surgery

A

C Finding the uterine horns

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20
Q

Which of the following occurs when a bleeding vessel is clamped off?
A Coagulation
B Hemostasis
C Fibrinolysis
D Thrombosis

A

B Hemostasis

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered appropriate attire for the surgeon or surgical assistant?
A A watch
B Surgical scrubs
C A surgical bonnet
D A mask

A

A A watch

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22
Q

Which of the following suture and needle combinations are most common in veterinary medicine?
A Swaged, curved needle
B Swaged, straight needle
C Spring-eyed, cutting needle
D Eyed, straight needle

A

A Swaged, curved needle

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23
Q

Which of the following is a surgical instrument designed to hold stainless steel?
A Doyen forceps
B Halsted mosquito forceps
C Mayo needle holder
D Littauer suture removal scissors

A

C Mayo needle holder

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24
Q

Which of the following would describe a laceration under the paw of the right forelimb?
A Dorsal aspect
B Palmar aspect
C Plantar aspect
D Anterior aspect

A

B Palmar aspect

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25
Q

Where is the hypodermic in relation to the dermis?
A immediately below the epidermis
B Immediately below the dermis
C The hypodermis is not related to the dermis
D Immediately above the dermis

A

B Immediately below the dermis

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26
Q

A suture pack with a cutting needle would be used on which of the following?
A Dermis and epidermis
B Eyes
C Urinary bladder
D Intestinal resection

A

A Dermis and epidermis

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27
Q

Which of the following is NOT a sign of a potential bandage complication when monitoring a forelimb bandage?
A Swelling of the opposite limb
B Urine soaking into the bandage
C Slippage of the bandage
D Swelling of the paw

A

A Swelling of the opposite limb

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28
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause of wound dehiscence?
A Use of reactive sutures
B Failure to place external sutures
C Self-mutilation
D Increased activity after surgery

A

B Failure to place external sutures

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29
Q

A dog has dislocated his hip joint, and the doctor has reduced the dislocation. What can be used to keep the hip in the appropriate flexed position?
A Ehmer sling
B Strict cage rest
C Prolonged sedation
D Hip brace and support harness system

A

A Ehmer sling

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30
Q

Which of the following is TRUE when considering postoperative sponge count for abdominal surgeries?
A Short procedures do not require a sponge count
B Only use radiopaque sponges
C Sponge counts should always be performed regardless if the type of abdominal surgery
D Counts only need to occur if there is excessive bleeding

A

C Sponge counts should always be performed regardless of the type of abdominal surgery

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31
Q

Which of the following is not a suction tip?
A Poole
B Frazier-Ferguson
C Yank Auer
D Bard-Parker

A

D Bard-Parker

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31
Q

What are the two methods of gloving?
A Open and closed
B Closed and parallel
C Sterile and dirty
D None of these

A

A Open and Closed

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32
Q

Which dog breed is most likely to require a caesarean section as opposed to natural whelping?
A Chihuahua
B Pug
C English Bulldog
D Komodor

A

C English Bulldog
More than 90% of brachycephalic breeds need a C-section

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33
Q

For procedures in large animals, which size surgical blade is most commonly used with a no. 4 Bard-Parker scalpel handle?
A 20
B 15
C 11
D 10

A

A 20

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34
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a “surgeon’s knot” instead of a regular square knot?
A When applied correctly, it results in moderate eversion of the tissue
B It involves passing one strand through the loop twice on the first throw
C It is an alternative term used to describe a half-hitch knot
D It is only used when placing interrupted suture pattern

A

B It involves passing one strand through the loop twice on the first throw

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35
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding an acceptable method of nail care for surgical assistants?
A Acrylic nails can be worn as they are less porous and are acceptable if scrubbed for 5 mins
B Nail polish can harbour bacteria and needs to be removed prior to scrubbing
C Nails should be scrubbed and picked prior to the rest of the hand
D Nails should be kept short

A

A Acrylic nails can be worn as they are less porous and are acceptable if scrubbed for 5 mins

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36
Q

Which of the following is NOT an elective surgery?
A An ovariohysterectomy for pyometra
B A urethral obstruction
C A bilateral orchidectomy for prostatic hypertrophy
D All of the above

A

All of the above

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37
Q

Which of the following instruments is best suited for removing the dorsal spinous process of the vertebra during spinal surgery?
A Kern forceps
B Bone curette
C Rongeur
D Rochester

A

C Rongeur
Has a thin, jaw-shaped tip that can gouge out the bone.

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38
Q

Which of the following scissors are the most heavy-duty and should be used for cutting through dense or thick tissues and fascia?
A Littauer and Spencer
B Metzenbaum
C Mayo
D Iris

A

C Mayo

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39
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding surgical aseptic techniques?
A Put the mask on last
B The back of the gown is considered sterile
C The hands should always be kept below the level of the elbows during surgical scrubbing
D It is proper to keep the hands in the prayer position above the waist once gowning and gloving have been completed

A

D It is proper to keep the hands in the prayer position above the waist once gowning and gloving have been completed

39
Q

Which of the following will result in fewer postoperative complications?
A Intraoperative fluid therapy
B Use of pain management medication during therapy
C Strict aseptic technique protocols
D All of the above

A

D All of the above

40
Q

When assisting with a forelimb toe amputation, where should the tourniquet be placed?
A As close to the claws as paws
B Just proximal to the elbow
C Just distal to the elbow
D Around the shoulder

A

C Just distal to the elbow

40
Q

Which of the following should NOT be recorded in the anesthetic record?
A Animal’s behaviour
B Doses and concentrations of medications
C Premedication time
D Induction time

A

A Animal’s behaviour

41
Q

What is bloody scrotal swelling after a surgical procedure called?
A Seroma
B Abcess
C Dehiscence
D Hematoma

A

D Hematoma

42
Q

Which of the following procedures can secure the patient’s stomach to the body wall to prevent them from a gastric dilatation-volvulus in the future?
A Gastrectomy
B Gastropexy
C Gastritis
D Gastrotomy

A

B Gastropexy

43
Q

How should a patient be positioned for a luxated hip surgery that involves a toggle pin fixation?
A Hanging leg technique
B Lateral recumbency
C Dorsal recumbency
D Sternal recumbency

A

B Lateral recumbency

44
Q

The formation of a serum is a common incisional complication encountered in postoperative surgery. Which of the following is an appropriate treatment for an incision diagnosed with a serum?
A Oral antibiotics
B Draining the seroma with a needle and syringe
C Warm compress
D Cold compress

A

C Warm compress
Can increase blood flow to the region and promote fluid reabsorption

45
Q

A patient has swallowed a small toy which requires surgical removal from the intestines. The surgeon wants to clamp the intestine and requires an instrument. Which of the following would be the most appropriate?
A Doyens
B DeBakey’s
C Allis
D Brown-Adson

A

A Doyen’s
They are curved, non-crushing occluding clamp with longitudinal grooves.

46
Q

Which of the following animal’s should NOT have a cuffed endotracheal tube?
A A rabbit
B A parakeet
C A kitten
D A swine

A

B A parakeet
They have complete cartilage rings surrounding the trachea, which increases the incidence of tracheal pressure necrosis from cuffed ET tubes

47
Q

If you had to omit recording one of the items from the anesthetic record, which would be the most appropriate?
A Time of Induction
B Time of pre-anesthetic administration
C Response of the animal at induction
D Dose and concentration of drugs

A

C Response of the animal at induction

48
Q

Which statement about castration is FALSE?
A In bovine and equine medicine, it is often performed as a standing procedure
B Typically, only local anesthetic is necessary
C They require minimal postoperative care
D It is a procedure in which the testes are completely removed

A

B Typically, only local anesthetic is necessary

48
Q

The pulse oxygenation of a patient is steadily decreasing. There is no evidence of blockage of the tube, and the anesthetic machine is set up correctly. Which of the following scenarios could be causing this?
A A problem unrelated to the endotracheal tube
B The endotracheal tube diameter is too narrow
C The endotracheal tube is inserted too far into the lungs
D The endotracheal tube is overinflated

A

C The endotracheal tube is inserted too far into the lungs

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause of wound dehiscence?
A Allergic reaction from the suture material
B Self mutiliation
C Allowing non-restricted activity postoperatively
D Using surgical staples instead of sutures to close an incision site

A

D Using surgical staples instead of sutures to close an incision site

50
Q

When doing a tie-over bandage, which suture would be the best suited for the “loop sutures” located around the wound periphery?
A 5-0 polysorb suture
B Chromic gut 2-0
C 0 or 1-0 Polydioxanone (PDS)
D 0 or 2-0 monofilament non-absorbable material

A

D 0 or 2-0 monofilament non-absorbable material

51
Q

Which of the following instruments is appropriate to use for intestinal manipulation?
A Rat tooth forceps
B Debakey forceps
C Bulldog forceps
D Tenaculum forceps

A

B Debakey forceps
Thumb forceps that are designed to be atraumatic

51
Q

Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of the veterinary technician?
A Recovery of the patient post-op
B Deciding which anesthetic protocol to implement
C Maintaining and recording patient monitoring
D Administering induction drugs and anesthesia

A

B Deciding which anesthetic protocol to implement

52
Q

Which of the following restrictors are commonly used in thoracic surgery?
A Finochietto
B Weitlaner
C Gelpi
D Balfour

A

A Finochietto
Also known as rib spreaders

53
Q

The doctor requested the Brown-Adson. What do you think the doctor is using this instrument for?
A Grab thin tissue
B intraocular surgery
C Dissecting delicate tissue
D Cut bandages

A

A Grab thin tissue

54
Q

When is it generally considered the optimal time to spay a dog?
A After the first estrus
B At age 1
C Before the first estrus
D Any time

A

C Before the first estrus

55
Q

Which of the following should be clean but is not required to be sterile prior to surgical procedures?
A Surgical glives
B Gown
C Surgical tools
D Mask

A

D Mask

56
Q

Surgical gloves should be worn for
A Preliminary scrub
B Exam gloves are appropriate for all surgical scrubs
C Sterile surgical scrub
D All surgical scrubs require surgical gloves

A

C Sterile surgical scrub

57
Q

In order to ensure the longest maintenance of sterility, where should surgical packs be stored?
A In an open cabinet outside the surgery suite
B In a closed cabinet inside the surgery suite
C In an open cabinet inside the surgery suite
D In a closed cabinet outside the surgery suite

A

D In a closed cabinet outside the surgery suite
Outside of the surgical suite to reduce clutter and possible of contamination by dust

57
Q

Which type of scissors are used to cut drape material?
A Metzenbaum
B Bandage
C Operating
D Mayo

A

C Operating

58
Q

Which of the following handheld retractors has three prongs at one end?
A Army Navy
B Gelpi
C Meyerding
D Senn

A

D Senn
One side is flat and L shaped, other end has three bent prongs

59
Q

Which of the following is the most widely accepted age for spays and neuters?
A Over 12 months
B 10-12 weeks
C Age isn’t a factor, the animal must weigh at least two pounds
D 5-6 months

A

D 5-6 months

60
Q

A dog is having a mass removed from his side. What is the general term for this procedure?
A Cystotomy
B Mastectomy
C Lumpectomy
D Enucleation

A

C Lumpectomy

61
Q

Which of the following is the minimum scrub time for a surgery?
A 10 minutes
B 5 minutes
C 2 minutes
D 15 minutes

A

B 5 minutes
5 mins minimum for srub to be in contact with the skin

62
Q

If asked for the Russian tissue forceps, which instruments should the surgical assistant hand to the surgeon?
A The forceps with multiple fine intermeshing teeth on the edges of the tips
B The forceps with serrations and straight, narrow pointed tips
C The forceps with rounded tips and teeth around the rim
D The forceps with serrations but no teeth on the jaws

A

C The forceps with rounded tips and teeth around the rim

63
Q

Which of the following is a surgical instrument designed to hold stainless steel?
A Doyen forceps
B Halsted mosquito forceps
C Mayo needle holder
D Littauer suture removal scissors

A

C Mayo needle holder

64
Q

What instrument is used o perform a castration in horses?
A Emasculator
B Kelly forceps
C Dowling spay retractor
D Elastrator

A

A Emasculator

65
Q

How should a surgical scrub be performed?
A Spiraling out from the incision site
B In stripes, with the first stripe being over the incision site
C Spiraling in from the outside edges of the incision site
D In stripes, with the second stripe being over the incision site

A

A Spiraling out from the incision site

66
Q

The skin of a prepper surgical site is considered
A Bacteria free
B Sterile
C Aseptic
D Asepsis

A

C Aseptic

67
Q

Which of the following gloving technique has the lowest chance of contamination?
A All commonly accepted gloving techniques have minimal chance of contamination
B Double open gloving
C Open gloving
D Closed gloving

A

A All commonly accepted gloving techniques have minimal chance of contamination

68
Q

What forceps would be used to reach deep into an animal’s body to retrieve a foreign object?
A Adson thumb
B Crile
C Alligator
D Allis tissue

A

C Alligator

68
Q

Which statement accurately describes steam sterilization?
A Steam should be at 150 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes for sterilization
B The autoclave door should be opened completely after the cycle is completed to dry
C Box looks should be left open for steam autoclaving
D items should not be cleaned prior to steam sterilization

A

C Box locks should be left open for steam autoclaving

69
Q

Prior to a canine castration, the prepuce may be flushed with?
A Chlorhexidine
B Povidone-iodine
C Roccal
D Isopropyl alcohol

A

A Chlorhexidine

70
Q
A
71
Q

When packing surgical packs and instruments in pouches, which of the following should always be done?
A Every pack should contain at least one gauze sponge
B The pack should always be labeled with the technician’s name and date of sterilization
C The pack shoud be wrapped extremely tightly and without excess space
D The instruments do not need to be counted prior to wrapping

A

B The pack should always be labeled with the technician’s name and date of sterilization

72
Q

Which of the following occurs when a bleeding vessel is clamped off?
A Coagulation
B Hemostasis
C Fibrinolysis
D Thrombosis

A

B Hemostasis

73
Q

Which of the following statement is the most correct about indicator tape?
A Indicator tape is not effective when placed on the outside of the wrap
B It is used to show that the autoclave reached at least 121 degrees F
C Indicator tape should be placed on the outside of a wrap
D indicator tape should be used in place of sterilization strips

A

C Indicator tape should be placed on the outside of a wrap

74
Q

The doctor requested the Brown-Adson. What do you think the doctor is using this instrument for?
A Grab thin tissue
B Intraocular surgery
C Dissecting delicate tissue
D Cut bandages

A

A Grab thin tissue

75
Q

The retina is innervated by which cranial nerve?
A Cranial nerve I
B Cranial nerve II
C Cranial nerve III
D Cranial nerve IV

A

B Cranial nerve II

76
Q

Surgeons are required to wear a gown in addition to gloves. Which statement is FALSE of the sterile field created by the now and gloves?
A Beneath the gown, the hair on the forearms is considered a part of the sterile field as long as scrub procedures were fully formed?
B The back of the gown is not part of the sterile field
C The gown acts as a secondary sterile barrier between the surgeon and the animal
D Surgical gowns are used to extend the sterile field

A

A Beneath the gown, the hair on the forearms is considered a part of the sterile field as long as scrub procedures were fully followed

77
Q

Which of the following should always be done when using the ultrasonic cleanser?
A Lay the instruments in an open position
B Do not scrub the instruments until after they are done in the ultrasonic cleanser
C Run the clean cycle for no more than 5 minutes at a time to avoid damage
D Add surgical milk to the solution

A

A Lay the instruments in an open position

78
Q

Which of the following retractors would be appropriate for a surgery performed on a dog’s upper leg muscles?
A Seen-rake retractor
B Bone rasp
C Balfour retractor
D Meyerding retractor

A

D Meyerding retractor

79
Q

Your surgeon required a non-absorbable suture for their procedure. Which of the following sutures is NOT appropriate?
A Polydioxanone
B Nylon
C Silk
D Polypropylene

A

A Polydioxanone

80
Q

A new veterinary assistant packed all of the surgical packs last week and closed the box locks prior to sterilization. You are in surgery with the doctor and notice that the box locks are all closed on the instruments. The pack had been sterilized in a steam autoclave. How should you proceed?
A You ask the veterinary assistant to get you another pack that was autoclaved prior to last week
B You switch the box loxks to the open position
C You continue to use the instruments and lecture the veterinary assistant in front of the veterinarian
D You allow the veterinarian to proceed with the surgery because the pack is fine

A

A You ask the VA to get you another pack that was autoclaved prior to last week

81
Q

Of the following procedures, which would be the best choice for pre-cleaning with an alcohol wipe rather than a surgical scrub?
A IV catheter placement
B Joint taps
C Bone marrow aspirate
D Fine needle aspiration

A

D Fine needle aspiration

82
Q

Which of the following retractors would you hand a surgeon if they need to retract the liver out of the way?
A Senn rake retractor
B Gelpi retractor
C Malleable retractor
D Hohmann retractor

A

C Malleable retractor
Made of stainless steel and can be bent into various positions to accommodate a given procedure

83
Q

Which of the following is NOT an indication for replacing the bandage on a dog 24 hours after a tibial fracture repair with a bone plate?
A Strike-through of the bandage
B Bandage was significantly moistened after walking on wet grass
C Occasional toe-touching with the limb
D Toes are mildly swollen

A

C Occassional toe touching of limb

84
Q

In which situation would perioperative Abx NOT be administered?
A Surgery on a patient with diabetes mellitus
B Dental procedure with severe dental disease
C Excisional biopsy of a 2cm mass
D An orthopedic procedure that take under 1 hour

A

C Excisional biopsy of a 2cm mass

84
Q

Which of the following is NOT an identifying structure of the glottis?
A Vocal cords
B Epiglottis
C Hyoid apparatus
D Arytenoid cartilage

A

C Hyoid apparatus

85
Q
A
86
Q

Which of the following should be used as an alternating scrub if your veterinary surgeon requests povidone-iodine as part of the patient’s surgical prep?
A NaCl 0.9% solution
B Isopropyl alcohol
C Betasept surgical scrub
D No alternating is needed when using povidone-iodine

A

B Isopropyl alcohol

87
Q

What instruments should you hand a surgeon if they are preparing to perform a leak check at the site of an enterotomy?
A Sterile syringe, needle, and saline
B Sterile water and the appropriately sized needle
C Sterile suction tip and radiopaque gauze
D Sterile red rubber catheter and LRS

A

A Sterile syringe, needle, and saline

87
Q

Which of the following statement about gloving is incorrect?
A Open gloving has the highest possibility of contamination
B Closed gloving means that the hands are outside of the gown and the glove pack is closed prior to proceeding
C Aseptic preparation needs to be repeated every time the gloved surgeon. touches a non-sterile surface
D Closed gloving is a more sterile option than open gloving

A

B Closed gloving means that the hands are outside of the gown and the glove pack is closed prior to proceeding

88
Q

Select the TRUE statement from the following
A It is proper to keep the hands in the prayer position above the waist once gowning and gloving have been completed
B The back of the surgeon and the surgical assistant are considered sterile once gowning anf gloving are completed
C Once a mask has been put on, it is acceptable to touch the nose with the gloved hand
D Water should be allowed to drip from the hands prior to drying with a towel

A

A It is proper to keep the hands in the prayer position above the waist once gowning and gloving have been completed

88
Q

Which statement about horse castration is FALSE?
A It is often performed as a standing procedure
B A fiber optic camera can be useful
C Incisions are usually not sutured
D Local anesthesia is placed in the scrotum only

A

D Local anesthesia is placed in the scrotum only

89
Q

Why is nitrous oxide contraindicated in gastrointestinal surgeries?
A It can cause vomiting
B It can cause colitis
C It results in longer recovery due to delayed GI emptying
D Nitrous buildup can cause the bowel to rupture

A

D Nitrous buildup can cause the bowel to rupture
With anesthesia can cause dilation and accumulate in GI organs, buildup can lead to bowel rupturing

90
Q

Which of the following instruments would be LEAST useful in the application of a bone plate to fix a fracture?
A Drill guide
B Trocar
C Surgical pins
D Lag screws

A

B Trocar
Used for penetrating into a space for a scopy

90
Q

When doing a tie over bandage, which suture would be best suited for the “loop sutures” located around the wound periphery?
A 5-0 polysorb suture
B Chromic gut 2-0
C 0 or 1-0 Polydioxanine (PDS)
D 0 or 2-0 monofilament non-absorbable suture

A

D 0 or 2-0 monofilament non-absorbable suture

Clever Orca VTNE Prep (11 decks)

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