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Theriogenology > Bovine Postpartum Period > Flashcards

Bovine Postpartum Period Flashcards

1
Q

What period of time plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of early postpartum disorders? What causes this?

A

transition period - 4 weeks before to 3 weeks after parturition

negative energy balance is common during this period due to decreased dry matter intake and increased demand for milk production

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2
Q

What are the 4 divisions of cows monitored during their transition period?

A
  1. far-off dry = 60 to 21 days from calving
  2. close-up dry = 20 to 3 days from calving
  3. maternity = about to undergo calving
  4. fresh = 3 to 14 days after calving

(sick pen = variable days after calving)

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3
Q

When should cows be observed for the development of postpartum disorderd? What are 3 signs?

A

fresh cows 3-14 days after calving

  1. reduced milk production
  2. reduced reproductive efficiency
  3. increased mortality
    (increased culling and expenses for treatment)
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4
Q

What is the optimal BCS at calving for beef and dairy cattle? What happens when BCS is low?

A

BEEF - 5-6/9

DAIRY - 2.5-3/5

increased interval between cycles

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5
Q

In what 4 ways can optimal BCS be maintained during calving?

A
  1. stimulate dry matter intake
  2. adapt to a high-energy diet
  3. cation-anion balance
  4. vitamin E/selenium supplementation
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6
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the transition cow management checklist?

A
  1. Are body condition scores evaluated?
  2. Is there enough feed bunk space for pre-partum cows (0.6 m per cow)?
  3. Are urine pHs evaluated to ascertain compliance of appropriate anionic diet feeding
  4. are pre- and post-partum energy statuses evaluated in selected groups to determine the prevalence of subclinical ketosis?
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7
Q

What type of diet is commonly given to pre-partum cows? Why?

A

acidogenic prepartum diet with a negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD)

stimulates calcium mobilization before calving and minimizes hypocalcemia postpartum

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8
Q

What is the difference in outcomes of 60 day dry periods and no dry periods?

A

60 DAY DRY - produce more milk, increased negative energy imbalance

NO DRY - decreased milk yield, decreased energy imbalance

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9
Q

What triggers parturition in cows?

A

fetal cortisol spike due to fetal stress caused by uterine crowding

  • induces the production of estrogen responsible for myometrial contractions and lubrication of the reproductive tract
  • induces the production of PGF2α responsible for luteolysis and pelvic ligament stretching
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10
Q

What 4 postpartum events must happen after calving?

A
  1. passage of fetal membranes
  2. involution of reproductive tract
  3. resumption of estrous cycles
  4. return to breeding
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11
Q

What calving interval allows for maximal profitability? How long will cows remain open?

A

12-13 months

< 85 days (out of 280 days of gestation) - 60 days of voluntary withdrawal + 21 days of the estrous cycle

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12
Q

What are some common postpartum disorders?

A
  • retained fetal membrane
  • dystocia
  • metritis
  • abortion
  • ketosis
  • hypocalcemis
  • displaces abomasum
  • endometritis
  • uterine prolapse

commonly happen together, relates to metabolic status

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13
Q

What is uterine prolapse? What is thought to be associated with etiology?

A

emergency eversion of the uterus within 12 hours of calving

uterine inertia +/- hypocalcemia

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14
Q

How is uterine prolapse treated? Is a vulvar suture necessary? Can oxytocin be used?

A
  • treat hypocalcemia
  • give epidural anesthesia
  • disinfect the uterus with mild soap and water
  • replace the uterus (elevation to use gravity)

NO - not associated with vulvar laxity

AFTER replacement of the uterus, increased smooth muscle contraction can shrink the uterus in place

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15
Q

How does uterine prolapse compare to vaginal?

A

UTERINE = 12 hours after calving, not likely to happen again (good prognosis, salvage not commonly necessary if caught early)

VAGINAL = before parturition, commonly recurrent and sends cows to slaughter

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16
Q

How long is a fetal membrane considered retained if it is not expelled? In what kind of cattle is it more commonly seen?

A

normally < 6 hrs —> retained = > 12 hrs

dairy cows (5-15%)

17
Q

What are the 4 key features of placental separation?

A
  1. prepartum maturation of placenta results in the release of collagenases and estrogen and the recognition of fetal MCH1, which is seen as foreign material
  2. anemia of fetal villi
  3. uterine pressure causes mechanical detachment
  4. reduction in the size of caruncles during contractions

(these events begin occurring 10-14 days before calving and disruption results in retention)

18
Q

What are 4 common causes in the disturbance of normal fetal membrane release mechanisms?

A
  1. premature delivery, abortion
  2. interference with uterine contractions
  3. inflammation and infectious disease
  4. vitamin E/selenium deficiency
19
Q

Placental detachment:

A
20
Q

Is treatment required for retained fetal membranes?

A

no, unless systemically ill —> normal liquefaction of fetal membranes will occur, resulting in a drop of membranes 5-10 days postpartum

  • antibiotics
  • oxytocin - short half-life, already endogenous from milking
21
Q

What conservative treatment plan is most commonly used for retain fetal membranes?

A
  • manual removal without pulling —> will not detach caruncles from cotyledons upon tearing
  • trim exposed membranes
  • monitor TPR, appetite, milk production, and attitude
22
Q

What is retained fetal membranes associated with?

A

decreased fertility

  • likely due to something else happening at the same time, like metritis
23
Q

When does metritis occur? What is the difference between acute puerperal metritis and clinical metritis?

A

< 21 days postpartum (40%)

  • severe postpartum uterine infection that results in systemic signs of toxemia
  • postpartum uterine infection, which may or may not be assocaited with systemic signs (usually only see d/c from vulva)
24
Q

What is endometritis?

A

inflammation of the uterus without systemic illness (no clinical signs) > 21 days postpartum (15-20%)

25
Q

What causes pyometra?

A

unresolved infection pre-ovulation

  • progesterone is an immunosuppressive!
26
Q

When does puerperal metritis occur? What clinical signs are associated?

A

first few days after calving

life-threatening!
- depression, anorexic, fever (> 39.5 degrees C)
- GI atony
- agalactia
- fetid uterine discharge

27
Q

What are the 2 most common causative agents of puerperal metritis? What other infectious agents are associated in combination?

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Trueperella pyogenes

Prevotella melaninogenica or Fusobacterium necrophorum

28
Q

What is the primary treatment of metritis? What supportive therapy is recommended? What is avoided?

A

Ceftiofur (Excenel labeled for metritis, NAXCEL, EXCEDE) - no milk withdrawal!

  • fluid therapy
  • anti-inflammatories
  • uterine ecbolics to prevent buildup of fluids

intrauterine infusions - introduces more contamination

29
Q

What is clinical endometritis? What is the most common causative agent?

A

presence of purulent vaginal discharge in cows that are >21 days postpartum

Trueperella pyogenes

30
Q

What are 4 options for diagnosing endometritis?

A
  1. visual appearance of d/c from vulva or on the tail
  2. Metricheck shows mucus at the cranial vagina
  3. uterine cytology
  4. ultrasonographic assessment of uterine contents
31
Q

Is treatment commonly necessary for endometritis? What are 2 options?

A

no, spontaneous resolution occurs in 50-70% of cases

  1. PGF2α - uterine contractions expels discharge, luteolysis decreases progesterone
  2. cephapirin benzathine - only antibiotic approved for intrauterine infusion (not in US)
32
Q

What is pyometra? What is the primary clinical sign?

A

accumulation of pus in the uterus with a retained CL

anestrus WITHOUT vaginal discharge (closed cervix)

33
Q

What causes pyometra in cows? How is it treated?

A

ovulation occurs with uterine contamination, usually due to post-coital infection with Tritrichomonas

PGF2α

34
Q

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment of luteal cysts in a cow 90 days postpartum?

a. Administration of estradiol valerate
b. Administration of progesterone
c. Administration of prostaglandin F2alpha intramuscularly
d. Manual rupture

A

C

35
Q

What is the average length of the estrous cycle in a cow?

a. 17
b. 21
c. 35
d. 60

A

B

36
Q

Which of the following events is mostly to happen after administering an intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F2alpha to a cow during mid-diestrus of the estrous cycle?

a. 50% increase in serum progesterone concentration in 24 hours
b. Peak of serum luteinizing hormone concentration in 24 hours
c. Occurrence of ovulation in 96 hours
d. Peak of serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentration in 96 hours

A

C

Theriogenology (22 decks)

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