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Theriogenology > Canine Pregnancy & Female Reproductive Disease > Flashcards

Canine Pregnancy & Female Reproductive Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilization of oocytes occur in bitches? How long do sperm cells last?

A

uterine tube (oviducts)

5-7 days if fresh

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2
Q

What are 3 ways of determining whelping date? When does this not apply?

A
  1. 65 days from LH surge
  2. 63 days from ovulation (happens 2 days after LH surge!)
  3. 57 days from first day of cytological diestrus (vaginal epithelium is rounded and neutrophils are present in response to stud contamination)

singleton pregnancy - only one fetus = no overcrowding to induce fetal cortisol spike, technically gestation can be indefinite and pup can get large enough to induce dystocia)

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3
Q

What breed can go into whelping early?

A

CKCS —> early by 1-2 days

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4
Q

What causes the huge range of whelping date estimation when only using one date?

A

(58 days if bred late - 71 days if bred early)

variability of estrus in the bitch and longevity of sperm in the uterus

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5
Q

What kind of placentation do canines have? What unique structure does it have?

A

zonary endotheliochorial —> 4 layers: maternal endothenium + fetal endothelium, connective tissue, and epithelium

green pigmentation (uteroverdin) = marginal hematoma acting as an iron storage for the fetus

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6
Q

What is occurring if the uteroverdin is seen without the pup?

A

placental detachment = dystocia

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7
Q

What is progesterone responsible for in canine pregnancy? What is it not used for?

A

luteal dependence of pregnancy maintenance —> requires 2.6 ng/mL (typically gets >10-15 ng/mL)

pregnancy diagnosis (no maternal recognition of pregnancy)

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8
Q

How do progesterone levels change as whelping approaches?

A

drops, resulting in a temperature drop

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9
Q

When do prolactin levels increase with pregnancy? How is this related to progesterone?

A

lutetropic —> second half of gestation

concentration inversely related to progesterone - acts as a dopamine agonist

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10
Q

What is the most pregnancy-specific hormone used for pregnancy diagnosis in dogs? When do levels increase?

A

relaxin - produced by the placenta

day 21 of gestation

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11
Q

What induces pseudopregnancy? What clinical signs are seen?

A

decreased progesterone as prolactin increases in late diestrus, post-ovariectomy

  • mammary gland enlargement with or without milk production
  • nesting behaviors
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12
Q

When can abdominal palpation be used to diagnose canine pregnancy? What is felt?

A

21-28 days —> gets difficult by day 35 , but can feel fetal bodies and movement after 50 days

string of pearls

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13
Q

When can radiography be used to diagnose canine pregnancy? What is it used for?

A

day 43 —> fetal calcification

gold standard for counting pups

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14
Q

How is ultrasound used for diagnosing canine pregnancy? When can it be used?

A

confirms pregnancy and fetal viability —> CAN’T be used for counting pups

  • day 17 - can see vesicle
  • day 25 - can see heart flutter
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15
Q

What can ultrasound be used to estimate in canine pregnancies?

A

C-section/whelping date

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16
Q

What 3 features on ultrasounds are used to determine if a bitch is prepared for C-section? When are each seen?

A
  1. high kidney definition with visible cortex and medulla - 57-63 days after LH surge
  2. intestines - 57-63 days after LH surge
  3. intestine peristalsis - 62-64 days after LH surge

(determines pups’ maturity)

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17
Q

What 3 ways of estrous cycle monitoring are used to estimate whelping date? How is ultrasound used?

A
  1. progesterone profile
  2. LH assay
  3. cytology

fetal biometry measurements - inner chorionic cavity and biparietal diameter measurements based on size

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18
Q

What 8 structures are seen on radiography when determining fetal maturity? When are they seen?

A
  1. spine
  2. skull
  3. ribs
  4. caudal vertebrae
  5. fibula
  6. calcaneus
  7. paws
  8. teeth

all present at 3-8 days before whelping

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19
Q

What is the best way to assess canine fetal viability?

A

measuring fetal HR

  • 220-240 bpm = normal HR before term
  • 180-200 bpm = normal HR on whelping day (Stage II)
  • 160-180 bpm = stress, mild hypoxia
  • <140-160 bpm = decreased postnatal survival
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20
Q

Fetal intestinal ultrasonographic definition:

A
  • needs to be completely functional for colostrum digestion
  • 5 days before parturition = spaghetti-like, prominent development, when a C-section can occur
21
Q

Fetal renal corticomedullary definition:

A

medullar and cortex are better differentiated by ~5 days before parturition

22
Q

What causes diestrual diabetes mellitus?

A

increased progesterone from the CL causes GH to be secreted from the mammary glands and IGF1 secretion from the liver —> decreased insulin sensitivity

23
Q

When is pregnancy toxemia most common? What occurs?

A

late-term pregnancy with large livers

anorexic mothers with increased energy demand causes the metabolism of large amounts of fat, resulting in ketonemia, ketonuria, and hepatic lipidosis

24
Q

How is pregnancy toxemia treated? What can happen in severe cases?

A

enteral and/or parenteral glucose supplementation

pregnancy termination

25
Q

What are 5 possible signs of impending canine labor?

A
  1. decreased appetite
  2. restless, panting, anxiousness
  3. declining levels of progesterone 48 hours prior causes body temp to decrease by 1-2 degrees (~98 F) usually 12-24 hours before
  4. presence of colostrum 1-7 days prior (unreliable)
  5. nesting behavior 12-24 hours prior
26
Q

What is a recessed vulva? What 2 things is it associated with?

A

juvenile/hooded vulva due to excessive skin folds covering the dorsal aspect

  1. early OVH
  2. ascending bacterial infections - perivulvar dermatitis, UTI, incontinence due to urine pooling
27
Q

What are 2 treatment options for recessed vulvas?

A
  1. topical cleansing*
  2. valvuloplasty/episioplasty
28
Q

What is clitoral hypertrophy? What are the 2 most common causes?

A

enlarged tissue in the ventral clitoral fossa +/- development of os clitoris

  1. progestogens/androgens during pregnancy
  2. DSD - inherited in GSP, Beagles, English Cocker Spaniels
29
Q

What treatment is recommended for clitoral hypertrophy?

A

milberone (androgen) - suppresses estrus

30
Q

When is vaginal fold hyperplasia (prolapse) most commonly seen? What causes it?

A

proestrus, estrus, late pregnancy —> tissue from ventral vaginal floow becomes extremely edematous (not true prolapse)

hypersensitivity to estrogen with recurrence in next cycle - normalizes with estrogen decrease as progesterone rises

31
Q

What are the 3 stages of vaginal fold hyperplasia? What can it cause?

A
  1. swollen internally
  2. ventral floor becomes edematous, commonly in a pear shape
  3. dorsal portion of vagina becomes involved, becomes more of a dome shape

impaired breeding, dysuria

32
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of vulvar discharge?

A
  1. vaginitis
  2. CEH-pyometra complex
  3. SIPS
33
Q

In what individuals is vaginitis most commonly seen? What are 2 predisposing factors?

A

spayed females, due to decreased estrogen (decreased mucosa development)

  1. congenital anomaly
  2. neoplasia - TVT, leiomyoma
34
Q

How are adult and juvenile vaginitis treated?

A

ADULT - systemic antimicrobials, probiotics

JUVENILE - typically resolves after first estrous cycle without antibiotics - mucosa will become thicker with development

35
Q

What is the most common cause of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) in canines? In what bitches is it most common?

A

repeated exposure to steroidal hormones, where progesterone predominates over estrogen (multiple rounds of estrus) with aggravation as estrogen also increases

intact bitches >9 y/o

36
Q

When does pyometra occur in canines? What causes it? What is the most common bacterial etiology?

A

diestrus —> high progesterone

progesterone causes cervical closure, decreased myometrial contractions, and leukocyte inhibition

E. coli

37
Q

What is pyometra commonly confused with on ultrasound/radiographs?

A
  • hydrometra
  • mucometra
  • hematometra
38
Q

What clinical signs are associated with open and closed pyometra?

A

OPEN - mucoid/purulent vulvar discharge

CLOSED - abdominal distension, more severe systemic signs of endotoxemia (LPS endotoxin) and PU/PD

39
Q

What diagnostics are used for pyometra?

A
  • radiographs
  • ultrasound
  • bloodwork - leukocytosis with neutrophilia and a left shift
40
Q

What treatment is recommended in non-breeding and breeding females with pyometra?

A

surgical removal of uterus and ovaries

  • PGF2a - luteolysis + uterine contraction, cervix MUST be open
  • cabergoline - dopamine agonist decreases luteotrophic prolactin
  • aglepristone - progesterone antagonist
  • antibiotics
41
Q

What are uterine serosal inclusion cysts?

A

common incidental finding in older bitches believed to arise when mesothelial cells becomes trapped in the serosa —> continue to secrete and become hyperplastic

  • C-section adhesion traps mesothelial cells
  • usually does not affect fertility
42
Q

What is subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)? In what bitches is it most common?

A

delay in the involution of placental sites characterized by fresh blood discharged from the vulva > 6 weeks post-partum (remaining fetal debris is passed before) —> varying degree of hemorrhage can be fatal

primiparous bitches <3 y/o

43
Q

What is seen on vaginal cytology in cases of SIPS? Is treatment commonly necessary?

A

trophoblast-like cells invade endometrium

spontaneous remission is common, monitor for heavy bleeding and perform OVH if needed

44
Q

What do follicular and luteal cysts secrete?

A

estrogen

progesterone

45
Q

What 2 types of tumors are most common in the female canine reproductive tract?

A
  1. ovarian epithelial tumors - subepithelial structure origin, causes ascites and abdominal distention
  2. granulosa cell tumors - often functional and result in elevations in estrogen and persistent/erratic estrus
46
Q

What is the most common cause of ovarian remnant syndrome? What are 3 options for diagnosis?

A

iatrogenic - remnant left behind after surgery, resulting in revascularization and estrogen secretion

  1. AMH - ovarian granulosa cell source, will be positive with remnants
  2. progesterone - increases with presence of follicles and ovulation, will be high with remnants
  3. LH - high levels in spayed individuals due to loss of negative feedback, will be low in remnant cases
47
Q

What are the predisposing causes of mastitis? What 2 time periods are most common?

A

teat trauma and milk retention

  1. 1-3 weeks after parturition - maximal milk production
  2. after weaning - mammary glands become distended
48
Q

How do affected glands appear with mastitis? What other signs are seen?

A

swollen, warm to the touch, discolored or painful + discolored milk (red/brown)

  • offspring fail to gain weight
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • tachycardia
  • SEVERE CASES: abscessation, gangrene, septic shock

Theriogenology (22 decks)

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