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CMB2007 - Human Anatomy > Nervous system (CNS) - week 2 > Flashcards

Nervous system (CNS) - week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

multiple sclerosis is characterized by what?

does it occur in the CNS or PNS

A

characterized by plaques of demyelination

in the CNS only

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2
Q

what are the main things that the left and right hemispheres of the brain are responsible for coordinating?

A

left = logic, numbers, language

right = creativity, imagination and rhythm

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3
Q

found in the deep fissure of the brain when looking inferiorly, which structure joins the two brain hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

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4
Q

forebrain is composed of which 3 things?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

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5
Q

hindbrain is composed of which 3 things?

A

pons, medulla and cerebellum

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6
Q

the brain stem is composed of which 3 things?

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

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7
Q

which type of functions are associated with the midbrain?

A

higher functions such as eye movement/ auditory system

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8
Q

which type of functions are associated with the medulla?

A

basic life functions - breathing, HR

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9
Q

which 2 functions is the pons associated with?

A

posture and consciousness

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10
Q

how is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem?

by how many structures? what are their names?

A

connected via 3 peduncles (bands of neurons)

superior, middle, inferior

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11
Q

which functions is the cerebellum majorly responsible for?

A

motor function, memory and learning

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12
Q

cerebellum receives inputs from ascending and descending pathways.

  • what is each pathway responsible for in coordinating?
  • via which column of the spinal cord does each pathway travel in?
A

ascending = sensory, from dorsal column

descending = motor, lateral column

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13
Q

ascending pathways, travelling up which column of the spinal cord are responsible for fine touch?

A

dorsal

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14
Q

ascending pathways, travelling up which column of the spinal cord are responsible for pain?

A

anterolateral fasciculus

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15
Q

descending pathways travel down from the cerebrum to the ……… then they travel down the spinal cord via the …….. column

A

cerebellum

lateral

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16
Q

in the forebrain, where is the relay point at which all inputs to the cerebrum synapse before going up to the cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus

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17
Q

HR, sweating and digestion are controlled by the hypothalamus via inputs to the …….. where the …….. nervous system originates

A

medulla

autonomic

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18
Q

where are the cell bodies of neurons in white matter located?

A

in grey matter

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19
Q

which things/functions does the cerebral cortex/cerebrum coordinate?

A

intelligence, personality, sensory impulses, motor function, planning and touch sensation

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20
Q

name the 4 lobes of the brain and say if they include a gyrus, naming it.

A

1) frontal lobe (includes pre-central gyrus)
2) parietal lobe (includes post-central gyrus)
3) occipital lobe
4) temporal lobe

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21
Q

in a lateral view of the brain, between which 2 lobes is the lateral fissure located?

A

between frontal and temporal

22
Q

in a lateral view of the brain, where is the central sulcus located?

A

between the pre and post-central gyri

23
Q

which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

A

pre-central gyrus

24
Q

which gyrus contains the somatosensory cortex?

A

post-central gyrus

25
Q

name the 3 layers of the meninges covering the CNS, starting with innermost layer

A

innermost layer = pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura

26
Q

name the specialised epithelium which produce CSF

A

choroid plexus

27
Q

how many ventricles exist in the brain?

what are they connected by?

what does their connection aid the circulation of?

A

4 ventricles, connected by aqueducts to help the circulation of CSF

28
Q

the choroid plexus secretes components of what into ventricles?

A

blood plasma

29
Q

CSF is lower in which 3 things than most plasma?

CSF has a higher concentration of which 3 ions, however?

A

lower in proteins, cells and ions

higher in Na+, Mg2+ and Cl-

30
Q

where is the CSF reabsorbed back to the circulation?

A

arachnoid granulations

31
Q

in CHILDREN, the end of the spinal CORD is in line with which vertebrae?

A

L3

32
Q

in ADULTS, the end of the spinal cord is in line with which vertebrae?

A

L1

33
Q

in adults, at/below the L1 vertebrae, the spinal cord branches off into multiple nerves known as what?

A

cauda equina

34
Q

each vertebrae has a vertebral body and a vertebral arch. Name the components of the vertebral arch (11 in total)

A

2 pedicles, 2 lamina, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process and 4 articular processes

35
Q

function of transverse and spinous processes in the vertebral arch?

A

muscle attachment

36
Q

function of the lamina and pedicles of the vertebral arch

A

protection of spinal cord

37
Q

function of articular processes in vertebral arch

A

restriction of movement

38
Q

draw out the vertebral arch/body and label its components

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fteachmeanatomy.info%2Fback%2Fbones%2Fvertebral-column%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UvdYHB-D2M6zkVM6Rrkmu&ust=1707390941864000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCKC_q4aNmYQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI

check against this for answer

39
Q

the vertebral CANAL (hole) is formed due to the stacking of the vertebrae, specifically the ………..

A

foramens

40
Q

intervertebral discs sit between vertebra forming fibrocartilaginous joints. what is the outermost layer of the disc made up of?

A

hyaline cartilage

41
Q

what is the name of the gel like centre of the intervertebral discs?

what is its major function?

A

nucleus polposus

shock absorption

42
Q

what is the name of the outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs?

what is it made up of?

main function?

A

annulus fibrosus

made of a laminae of fibrocartilage

withstand compression

43
Q

within the grey matter in the spinal cord, nerves from the ………. enter through ……………. on the dorsal horn and exit via ventral roots on the …….. horn

A

from body

dorsal roots

ventral horn

44
Q

when looking at an inferior cross section of the spinal cord, what is the landmark for the anterior surface of the spinal cord

A

ventral median fissure (at bottom of cross section)

45
Q

in an inferior cross section of the spinal cord, where is the dorsal horn located? grey or white matter?

A

in the grey matter, at the top/top horn

46
Q

match the spinal cord columns with their spatial position on the cross section:

  • dorsal
  • anterolateral fasciculus
  • lateral
  • top (above dorsal horn)
  • middle (between dorsal and ventral horn)
  • bottom (level with ventral horn)
A

dorsal - top
lateral - middle
anterolateral - bottom

47
Q

in a lumbar puncture, what is removed?

from the space around which group of nerves?

A

CSF removed from the space around the cauda equina

48
Q

between which 2 vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed?

where is the needle inserted into? which layer?

A

L3 + L4

needle into the subarachnoid space

49
Q

if a lumbar puncture result shows increased WBCs, what could this mean?

A

meningitis infection

50
Q

if a lumbar puncture result shows increased RBCs, what could this mean?

A

brain haemorrhage or stroke

CMB2007 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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