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CMB2007 - Human Anatomy > Genitourinary system: Topic B - week 9 > Flashcards

Genitourinary system: Topic B - week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

where do ovaries develop before descending in birth? what do they bring with them?

A

high in posterior abdominal wall bringing vessels and nerves with them

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2
Q

where do the ovaries stop at after descending during birth, where do they lie inferior to, within what?

A

stop at lateral wall of pelvic cavity and lie inferior to pelvic inlet within peritoneum

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3
Q

what is the shape and size of the ovaries? what are they suspended in?

A

almond shape and 3cm long, mesovarium

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4
Q

true or false, every female is born with an infinite number of ova?

A

false, finite

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5
Q

name 4 changes which can occur during the menopause

A

sexual organs atrophy, breast tissue atrophy, thinner skin and hot flushes

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6
Q

on which surface of the empty urinary bladder does the body of the uterus lie?

A

superior

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7
Q

the uterus is normally …..verted and …..flexed anteriorly relative to the cervix

A

anterverted, anteflexed

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8
Q

in non-pregnant females how long, broad and thick is the uterus

A

7.5cm long, 5cm broad and 2cm thick

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9
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the body of the uterus

A

fundus - rounded roof
isthmus - narrow part

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10
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the uterus

A

body and cervix

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11
Q

name the 3 layers of the wall of the body of the uterus from outer to inner stating what they contain

A

perimetrium - connective tissue
myometrium - smooth muscle for labour contractions, nerves and blood vessels
endometrium - mucous lining, proliferates/degenerates in menstrual cycle

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12
Q

which muscles/tissues/ligaments does the uterus rely on to stay stable and maintain its position in the middle of the pelvic cavity

A

pelvic floor muscles and uterosacral ligaments

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13
Q

what do the uterine tubes end in? what are their functions?

A

fimbriae, waft released ova to open end of the tube

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14
Q

where does fertilisation normally take place? what occurs after?

A

in fallopian tubes, small amount of cell division

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15
Q

is there a direct passage between the uterine tubes and the ovaries?

A

no, there is a direct passage from peritoneal cavity to external environment at opening of vagina

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16
Q

in an ectopic pregnancy where can implantation occur? what does this result in?

A

uterine tubes, ovaries, abdomen and cervix, rupture the walls and haemorrhage into the peritoneum

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17
Q

name the 2 openings of the cervix and what they open into

A

external os is the inferior opening - into vagina

internal os is the superior opening into the uterus

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18
Q

where is cervical mucus produced

A

cervical canal

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19
Q

which contraceptive methods block the external os, which method can thicken the cervical mucus

A

diaphragms/caps, progesterone only pills

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20
Q

what is the shape of the epithelium of the cervical canal at the internal os and external os and why?

A

squamous at internal, stratified at external to protect itself from acidic environment of vagina

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21
Q

what does CIN stand for and which stage encompasses the first stages of cervical cancer

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, stage 3

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22
Q

which end of the vagina opens in the vestibule? what is the vestibule?

A

inferior end, a depression between labia minora

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23
Q

the vagina recesses around the cervix forming what?

A

vaginal fornices

24
Q

what 5 things is the vulva made up of?

A

glans clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, skin folds and vestibule

25
Q

which aspects make up the clitoris and which aspects sit deep within the perineum?

A

glans, body, crura and bulbs of vestibule

body, crura and bulbs sit deep in perineum

26
Q

what is the name for the clitoral hood which is bisected and enveloped by the labia minora?

A

prepuce

27
Q

which are hairless skin folds, labia minor or majora?

A

minora

28
Q

what is the fibrous coat covering the testes called?

A

tunica albuginea

29
Q

what lies within the lobules of the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

30
Q

what is the network of channels which the seminiferous tubules open into?

A

rete testis

31
Q

which structures join the rete testis to the epididymis?

A

efferent ductules

32
Q

what do efferent ductules join the rete testis to?

A

epididymis

33
Q

what does the epipidymis act as?

A

storage and maturation site for spermatozoa

34
Q

what is the tail of the epididymis continuous with? what does it pass into?

A

ductus/vas deferens, into spermatic cord

35
Q

what is the name of an outer double layer of connective tissue, a closed peritoneal sac around the testes?

A

tunica vaginalis

36
Q

what does the parietal layer of thr tunica vaginalis extend superiorly into?

A

distal spermatic cord

37
Q

what allows the two layers of the testes to move freely and reduces friction?

A

a small amount of fluid in the cavity between them

38
Q

what 3 things is the spermatic cord covered by? what are these derived from?

A

internal, cremasteric and external spermatic fascia, from abdominal wall

39
Q

which 4 things does the spermatic cord consist of?

A

ductus deferens -sperm
blood vessels - supply and drain testicular blood
sympathetic/somatic nerves
lymphatics

40
Q

which duct does the ductus deferens combine with to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

duct of seminal vesicle

41
Q

name the 4 accessory structures of the male reproductive tract. what is their function?

A

seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate and bulbourethral glands, produce seminal fluid

42
Q

how are the seminal vesicles places and how long are they?

A

obliquely placed, 5cm long

43
Q

what do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

components of seminal fluid that mixes with sperm as they pass into the ejaculatory ducts

44
Q

what % of the final volume of seminal fluid do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

60-70

45
Q

name the 4 components/characteristics of fluid produced by the seminal vesicles and their functions

A

alkaline fluid produced to protect sperm from acidic urethra/female tract

fructose for energy

prostaglandins to lower female immune response to sperm and increase motility

coagulation factors to help deliver sperm to cervix

46
Q

how long are the ejaculatory ducts and where do they open to?

A

2.5cm into the prostatic urethra

47
Q

which is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system and how long is it?

A

prostate, 3cm

48
Q

describe the prostatic fluid, which % of the total volume of semen does it make up, what do its secretions aid?

A

thin and milky, 20-25%, aid mobility of sperm

49
Q

where do the bulbourethral glands lie in relation to the prostate gland and membranous urethra?

A

immediately inferior to prostate and at level of membranous urethra

50
Q

where do the ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into soon after the urethral sphincter?

A

into the penile/spongy urethra

51
Q

describe the secretion from the bulbourethral glands and its function

A

transparent and viscous (pre ejaculate), flushes out urethra and acts as lubricant

52
Q

what are some symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

enlarged prostate, urinary retention, poor stream, haematuria, back pain

53
Q

what 3 things is the penis made up of?

A

root body and glans

54
Q

name the 2 erectile tissue found throughout the penis

A

corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa

55
Q

which structure connects the skin of the body of the penis to the glans penis?

A

frenulum

CMB2007 - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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