Nervous system (CNS) - week 2

Question 1

multiple sclerosis is characterized by what?

does it occur in the CNS or PNS

Answer 1

characterized by plaques of demyelination

in the CNS only

Question 2

what are the main things that the left and right hemispheres of the brain are responsible for coordinating?

Answer 2

left = logic, numbers, language

right = creativity, imagination and rhythm

Question 3

found in the deep fissure of the brain when looking inferiorly, which structure joins the two brain hemispheres?

Answer 3

corpus callosum

Question 4

forebrain is composed of which 3 things?

Answer 4

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

Question 5

hindbrain is composed of which 3 things?

Answer 5

pons, medulla and cerebellum

Question 6

the brain stem is composed of which 3 things?

Answer 6

midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 7

which type of functions are associated with the midbrain?

Answer 7

higher functions such as eye movement/ auditory system

Question 8

which type of functions are associated with the medulla?

Answer 8

basic life functions - breathing, HR

Question 9

which 2 functions is the pons associated with?

Answer 9

posture and consciousness

Question 10

how is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem?

by how many structures? what are their names?

Answer 10

connected via 3 peduncles (bands of neurons)

superior, middle, inferior

Question 11

which functions is the cerebellum majorly responsible for?

Answer 11

motor function, memory and learning

Question 12

cerebellum receives inputs from ascending and descending pathways.

• what is each pathway responsible for in coordinating?
• via which column of the spinal cord does each pathway travel in?

Answer 12

ascending = sensory, from dorsal column

descending = motor, lateral column

Question 13

ascending pathways, travelling up which column of the spinal cord are responsible for fine touch?

Answer 13

dorsal

Question 14

ascending pathways, travelling up which column of the spinal cord are responsible for pain?

Answer 14

anterolateral fasciculus

Question 15

descending pathways travel down from the cerebrum to the ……… then they travel down the spinal cord via the …….. column

Answer 15

cerebellum

lateral

Question 16

in the forebrain, where is the relay point at which all inputs to the cerebrum synapse before going up to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

thalamus

Question 17

HR, sweating and digestion are controlled by the hypothalamus via inputs to the …….. where the …….. nervous system originates

Answer 17

medulla

autonomic

Question 18

where are the cell bodies of neurons in white matter located?

Answer 18

in grey matter

Question 19

which things/functions does the cerebral cortex/cerebrum coordinate?

Answer 19

intelligence, personality, sensory impulses, motor function, planning and touch sensation

Question 20

name the 4 lobes of the brain and say if they include a gyrus, naming it.

Answer 20

1) frontal lobe (includes pre-central gyrus)
2) parietal lobe (includes post-central gyrus)
3) occipital lobe
4) temporal lobe

Question 21

in a lateral view of the brain, between which 2 lobes is the lateral fissure located?

Answer 21

between frontal and temporal

Question 22

in a lateral view of the brain, where is the central sulcus located?

Answer 22

between the pre and post-central gyri

Question 23

which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

Answer 23

pre-central gyrus

Question 24

which gyrus contains the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 24

post-central gyrus

Question 25

name the 3 layers of the meninges covering the CNS, starting with innermost layer

Answer 25

innermost layer = pia mater arachnoid mater dura

Question 26

name the specialised epithelium which produce CSF

Answer 26

choroid plexus

Question 27

how many ventricles exist in the brain? what are they connected by? what does their connection aid the circulation of?

Answer 27

4 ventricles, connected by aqueducts to help the circulation of CSF

Question 28

the choroid plexus secretes components of what into ventricles?

Answer 28

blood plasma

Question 29

CSF is lower in which 3 things than most plasma? CSF has a higher concentration of which 3 ions, however?

Answer 29

lower in proteins, cells and ions higher in Na+, Mg2+ and Cl-

Question 30

where is the CSF reabsorbed back to the circulation?

Answer 30

arachnoid granulations

Question 31

in CHILDREN, the end of the spinal CORD is in line with which vertebrae?

Answer 31

L3

Question 32

in ADULTS, the end of the spinal cord is in line with which vertebrae?

Answer 32

L1

Question 33

in adults, at/below the L1 vertebrae, the spinal cord branches off into multiple nerves known as what?

Answer 33

cauda equina

Question 34

each vertebrae has a vertebral body and a vertebral arch. Name the components of the vertebral arch (11 in total)

Answer 34

2 pedicles, 2 lamina, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process and 4 articular processes

Question 35

function of transverse and spinous processes in the vertebral arch?

Answer 35

muscle attachment

Question 36

function of the lamina and pedicles of the vertebral arch

Answer 36

protection of spinal cord

Question 37

function of articular processes in vertebral arch

Answer 37

restriction of movement

Question 38

draw out the vertebral arch/body and label its components

Answer 38

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fteachmeanatomy.info%2Fback%2Fbones%2Fvertebral-column%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UvdYHB-D2M6zkVM6Rrkmu&ust=1707390941864000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCKC_q4aNmYQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI check against this for answer

Question 39

the vertebral CANAL (hole) is formed due to the stacking of the vertebrae, specifically the ...........

Answer 39

foramens

Question 40

intervertebral discs sit between vertebra forming fibrocartilaginous joints. what is the outermost layer of the disc made up of?

Answer 40

hyaline cartilage

Question 41

what is the name of the gel like centre of the intervertebral discs? what is its major function?

Answer 41

nucleus polposus shock absorption

Question 42

what is the name of the outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs? what is it made up of? main function?

Answer 42

annulus fibrosus made of a laminae of fibrocartilage withstand compression

Question 43

within the grey matter in the spinal cord, nerves from the .......... enter through ................ on the dorsal horn and exit via ventral roots on the ........ horn

Answer 43

from body dorsal roots ventral horn

Question 44

when looking at an inferior cross section of the spinal cord, what is the landmark for the anterior surface of the spinal cord

Answer 44

ventral median fissure (at bottom of cross section)

Question 45

in an inferior cross section of the spinal cord, where is the dorsal horn located? grey or white matter?

Answer 45

in the grey matter, at the top/top horn

Question 46

match the spinal cord columns with their spatial position on the cross section: - dorsal - anterolateral fasciculus - lateral - top (above dorsal horn) - middle (between dorsal and ventral horn) - bottom (level with ventral horn)

Answer 46

dorsal - top lateral - middle anterolateral - bottom

Question 47

in a lumbar puncture, what is removed? from the space around which group of nerves?

Answer 47

CSF removed from the space around the cauda equina

Question 48

between which 2 vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed? where is the needle inserted into? which layer?

Answer 48

L3 + L4 needle into the subarachnoid space

Question 49

if a lumbar puncture result shows increased WBCs, what could this mean?

Answer 49

meningitis infection

Question 50

if a lumbar puncture result shows increased RBCs, what could this mean?

Answer 50

brain haemorrhage or stroke