Chapter 4

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

a lifelong learning process that involves figuring out how to be a social person in a given society. there are 3 types: primary, secondary, and agents

Question 2

types of socialization

Answer 2

• primary socialization: occurs during childhood
• secondary socialization: occurs later in life
• agents of socialization: people and institutions who contribute to our socialization

Question 3

Determinism

Answer 3

the degree to which an individuals behaviour, attitudes, and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by something specific (genetic makeup) 2 types: social and biological

Question 4

Biological (nature) determinism

Answer 4

the greater part of who we are is determined by our 26000 genes

Question 5

Social (cultural) determinism

Answer 5

a.k.a behaviourism
- a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist position

Question 6

law of effect

Answer 6

• invented by Edward Thorndike
• desired behaviours are rewarded and thus reinforced
• undesired behaviours are ignored and punished and thus abandoned

Question 7

agents of socialization

Answer 7

groups that have a significant impact on ones socialization (e.g. family, peers, school, mass media)

Question 8

George Herbet Mead’s 2 categories of agents of socialization

Answer 8

1. Significant others: individuals, primarily parents, siblings and friends, who children imitate and model after
2. generalized others: the attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of the society into which the child is socialized

Question 9

the looking glass self

Answer 9

an explanation of how the self develops and there are 3 components:
1. how you imagine you appear to others
2. how you imagine others judge your appearance
3. how you feel as a result (proud, fearful, etc)

Question 10

types of family

Answer 10

• nuclear family
• extended family
• family of the heart
• single parent family
• same sex family (LGBTQ+)
• broken family
• foster families (state family)

Question 11

peer Group

Answer 11

can be defined as a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests

Question 12

Peer Pressure

Answer 12

refers to the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behaviour, appearance, or externally demonstrated values

Question 13

risk behaviours

Answer 13

lifestyle activities that place a person at increased probability of suffering negative consequences (dangerous driving, excessive drinking, etc)

Question 14

Rowell Huesmanns longitudinal studies:

Answer 14

a study on the relationship between violent TV watching and violent behaviour that concludes there is a connection. he proposed 2 theories: Observational learning theory and desensitization theory

Question 15

observational learning theory

Answer 15

children acquire aggressive scripts for solving social problems by watching violence on TV

Question 16

desensitization theory

Answer 16

increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence

Question 17

Habitus

Answer 17

a wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics (manners, good taste)

Question 18

reproduction

Answer 18

the means by which classes preserve status differences among classes

Question 19

who plays a critical role in the education system to socialize kids

Answer 19

teachers (their gender, age, ethnicity, etc)

Question 20

hurried child syndrome

Answer 20

In 2003 David Elkind studied how culture contributes to this syndrome
- argues that children has lost free play and instead only have rigid scheduled activities (many children now feel adult-like levels of stress and guilt

Question 21

secondary socialization

Answer 21

usually occurs during adolescence and early childhood and takes place outside the family and involve a group smaller than society (new school or neighbourhood)

Question 22

Resocialization

Answer 22

the process of unlearning old behaviours, attitudes, and values and learning new ones when moving into a significantly different social environment (voluntary or involuntary