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BIOCHEM > TEST 2 > Flashcards

TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

carb functions

A

energy source
structure
cell-cell recognition

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2
Q

monosaccharides

A

-must be aldehyde or ketone
-must be polyhydroxy (2 or more OH groups)
-ends in ose
-has 3 or more carbons
-D chirality

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3
Q

D chirality

A

-based on chiral carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group
-OH on the right

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4
Q

L chirality

A

-based on chiral carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group
-OH on the left

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5
Q

aldehyde carbohydrates

A

aldose

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6
Q

ketone carbonhydrates

A

ketose

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7
Q

constitutional isomers

A

-chemicals with the same number of each atom
-different structures

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8
Q
A

L pentose aldose

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9
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror images

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10
Q

diasteriosmers

A

isomers that arent mirror images
-anomers
-epimers

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11
Q

epimers

A

differ at only one chiral carbon

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12
Q

anomers

A

isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon formed on a ring closure

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13
Q

what is the relation between 2 chemicals that differ between 2 or more chiral carbons?

A

no relation
different chemicals

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14
Q
A

furan

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15
Q
A

pyran

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16
Q

alpha anomer

A

the OH group is attached below the final group furthest from the inital ketone/aldehyde group

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17
Q

beta anomer

A

the OH group is attached to the same plane in the ring as the final group in the pre ring form

The oh group is created through the destruction of the ketone/aldehyde group into an oh group

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18
Q

anomeric carbon?

A

A, anomeric carbons must be bound to the oxygen and have a hydroxyl group

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18
Q

ether bonds are made from what

A

2 OH groups done through condensation reactions

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18
Q

how to tell if a ring is an aldose or a ketose

A

-if the anomeric carbon is bonded to a carbon chain outside of the ring its a ketose

-if the anomeric carbon is bonded to only a hydrogen and a hydroxyl group its an aldose

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19
Q

what type of sugars where sugar 1 and sugar 2

A

sugar 1 beta
sugar 2 alpha

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20
Q

how to identify what type of bond 2 sugars have?

A

-if both carbons are anomeric idenitfy the configuration for both and state that in answer
-find the number of carbon that the carbon in the bond is
-put it in the following format
-A1-B4
-A1-4
-B1-5

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21
Q

Cellulose

A

most abundant organic compound
Beta 1-4 linkages
unbranched
cant be digested

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22
Q

starch (Amylopectin)

A

glucose monomer
alpha 1-4 linkages
alpha 1-6 linkages for branches
(1 branch every about 30 residues)
can be digested

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23
Q

starch (amylose)

A

glucose monomer
alpha 1,4 linkages
unbranched
can be hundreds of monomers long
can be digested

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24
Q

Glycogen

A

glucose monomer
alpha 1-4 linkages
alpha 1-6 linkages for branches
(1 branch for about every 10 residues)

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25
Q

Homo polymers

A

same monomers repeating over and over

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26
Q

carb cell cell recognition example

A

Blood type (ABO)

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27
Q

lipid functions

A

energy fuel and storage
membrane components
hormones

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28
Q

fatty acids

A

long chain hydrocarbons
terminates w carboxylic acids
(usually ends w even # of C’s and may have double bonds)
ends in oate or itic acid

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29
Q

fatty acid functions

A

-fuel
-building blocks for membranes
-carbons in fatty acids are reduced than carbohydrates
this helps fats yield more energy than carbs

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30
Q

fatty acid numbers system

A

can be designated by number of carbons and double bonds in the following fashion
18C 2 double bonds = (18:2)
14C 0 double bonds = (14:0)

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31
Q

⍵ carbon

A

always last carbon on the fatty acid chain

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32
Q

⍺ carbon

A

carbon in second position from carboxylic acid starting the fatty acid chain

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33
Q

Δ in fatty acids

A

Δ then a number inticates at which locations on a fatty acid chain double bonds are located

so Δ6 is a double bond at the sixth carbon

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34
Q

how to count chain

A

count double bonds on a fatty acid chain from the inital carbon on the chain which is usually the carboxylic acid’s carbon

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35
Q

how to count chain from ⍵

A

count double bonds on a fatty acid chain from the last carbon on the chain (NOT THE CARBOXYLIC ACID END)

only refer to the position of the closest double bond
if the fatty acid has more than 1 disregard the others

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36
Q

saturated fatty acid characteristics

A

higher melting points

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37
Q

unsaturated fatty acid characteristics

A

lower melting points
double bonds
cis configuration not trans

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38
Q

mammals cant produce double bonds beyond what carbon chain length

A

carbon 9

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39
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

3 ester linkages to tri carbon chain

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40
Q

Sphingolipids

A

carbon chained linked to an amide then to glycerol
only 1 hydrocarbon chain

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41
Q

isoprenoids

A

vitamins KADE
chlorophyll
terpenes
heme

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42
Q

cholesterol

A

-precursor to biologically active steroids
-helps in cell signaling and lipid rafts

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43
Q

phospholipid behavior

A

immediately aggregate to form lipid bilayer

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44
Q

phospholipids

A

amphipathic molecule
nonpolar tail
polar head

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45
Q
A

sphingolipid

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46
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

bound into the tail/hydrocarbon chain
span most of bilayer
only released when bilayer is disrupted

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47
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

bound into the head of the phospholipi

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48
Q

lipid component of cell membrane

A

50-75%

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49
Q

protein component of cell membrane

A

25-50%

50
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

2D representation of the cell membrane
phospholipids and all proteins included

51
Q

movement of proteins and phospholipids in bilayer

A

can diffuse laterally but can not flip to other side of membrane

52
Q

uniport

A

Movement of one substance across membrane

53
Q

Symport

A

Uses downhill flow of one species to drive the uphill flow of a
different species in the same direction across a membrane

cotransport
active transport

54
Q

antiport

A

Couples uphill flow of one species to downhill flow of another
species in opposite directions across a membrane

cotransport
active transport

55
Q

Passive Transport

A

usually lipophilic
simple diffusion
high to low concentration across a plasma membrane

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

moving substances against concentration gradient

57
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

-Transport AGAINST a concentration gradient- requires the input of energy
(generally from ATP)

58
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

-Movement of one substance against its concentration gradient, while moving something else toward its concentration gradient

59
Q

Na+/K+ sodium ion pump

A

-3Na+ out
-2K+ in
-both against concentration gradient
-creates electrochemical gradient
-1/3 of an animals resting energy is utilized doing this single process
-antiport

60
Q

downhill flow

A

high to low

61
Q

uphill flow

A

low to high

62
Q

membrane protein functions

A

cell boundaries
transport
catalysis
receptor

63
Q

signal transduction pathway by receptor/catalysis proteins

A

1) release of primary messenger
2) reception of primary messenger- usually outside of cell
3) relay of info by second messenger- signal amplified in cell
4) activation of effectors that alter physiological responce
5) termination of signal

64
Q

needed omega fatty acids

A

omega 3 and omega 6

65
Q

beta carotine is converted to what

A

vitamin A

66
Q

triglycerides are linked by what

A

ester linkages

67
Q

active vs facilitated transport

A

active-requires energy, across electrochemical gradient
facilitated- passive movement with electrochemical gradient

68
Q

minimum number of carbons needed for monosaccaride

A

3

69
Q

what lipid stores energy

A

triglycerides

70
Q

monosaccarides are linked by what

A

ether linkages

71
Q

if this monosaccaride were to turn into a ring what carbons would be involved? How?

A

Carbon 5 attacks carbon 1

72
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

-alpha beta and gamma
-unactivated state- GDP bound (OFF)
-conformational changes in cytoplasmic domain cause release of GDP and bindiing of GTP (ON)
-adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messengers)
-cAMP regulates activities of protein kinase A
-kinases- enzymes that phosphorylate a substrate using ATP

73
Q

epinephrin cell pathway

A

1) epinephrin binds to cell receptor
2) receptor causes replacement of GDP with GTP by activated alpha subunit of g protein
3) alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase
4) adenylyl cyclase creates cAMP
5)PKA is activated by cAMP
6)phosphorylation of proteins by pka causes cell response to epinephrin
7)cAMP is degraded and terminates responce

74
Q

side effects of increased cAMP and kinase activity

A

degradation of glycogen/cellulose
stop synthesis of glycogen

75
Q

gtpase activity

A

GTP hydrolyzes to GDP
degredates GTP to terminate signal

76
Q

insulin signal transduction pathway

A

1) insulin binds to receptor
2) tyrosine kinase activity, it cross phosphorylates itself
3) phosphoylated tyrosine kinase domains attracted other substrates and phosphorylates them
4)phosphoylated IRS proteins regulate other proteins, stimulates glycogen synthesis
5) terminates signal through phosphatases that removes phosphates on the proteins

77
Q

cholera

A

prevents G protein from GTPase activity
signal will always be on

78
Q

pertussis

A

stops G protein GDP to GTP exchange
cant turn on pathway

79
Q

catabolic pathways

A

reactions that convert energy from
fuels to a useful form
break down

80
Q

anabolic pathways

A

reactions that require inputs of energy
build up

81
Q

3 fundamental needs for energy

A

performance of mechanical work
active transport of ions and molecules
synthesis of biomolecules and macromolecules

82
Q

ΔE = q + w

A

q = heat
w = work

83
Q

spontaneous reactions

A

-∆G
exergonic

84
Q

non-spontaneous reactions

A

+∆G
endergonic

85
Q

∆G provides no info abt what

A

the rate of the reaction

86
Q

∆G

A

energy change associated as a reaction goes from initial equailibrium to final equilibrium

87
Q

more negative ∆G

A

larger value of Keq

88
Q

more positive ∆G

A

smaller value of Keq

89
Q

sphingolipid functions

A

play a role in cell to cell signaling

90
Q

how is an insulin signal propagated through the cell

A

through phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates

91
Q

in the epinephirin pathway what does adenylyl cyclase do to amplify the signal

A

it creates cAMP

92
Q

adenylyl cyclase

A

converts ATP to cAMP (second messengers)
-cAMP regulates activities of protein kinase A

93
Q

keq < 1

A

reactants favored at equilibrium

94
Q

keq > 1

A

products favored at equilibrium

95
Q

there must be an intermediate in common in order for what

A

coupiing of reactions

96
Q

Strategies for capturing and transfering energy

A

phosphoryl group transfer
activated carriers of electrons
activated carries of two carbon units

97
Q

phosphoryl group transfer

A

-method of capturing and transfering energy
-high phosphoryl transfer potential compounds generated from metabolism of fuel molecules used to power synthesis of ATP
-ATP donates phosphoryl group to facilitate the metabolism of other molecules

98
Q

what dont lipids do

A

catalyst

99
Q

what molecule is a two carbon carrier?

A

coenzyme A

100
Q

ATP

A

very stable
high activation energy
very favorable to lose 3rd phosphate group -30J

101
Q

activated carriers of electrons

A

method of capturing and transfering energy
oxidation and reduction reactions
reduced form NADH NADPH FADH2
oxidized form NAD NADP+ FADH+

102
Q

oxidation reduction actions

A

half reactions that occur together

103
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

104
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

105
Q

Cu 2+ oxidation state

A

+2 oxidation state

106
Q

CO2 is what

A

fully oxidized

107
Q

CH4 is what

A

fully reduced

108
Q

how to find oxidation state

A

H are +1 in oxidation state
O are -2 in oxidation state

109
Q

methane oxidation state

A

-4
4+ hydrogens means the carbon must be negatively charge 4

110
Q

methanol oxidation state

A

-2
4+ hydrogen charge + -2 oxygen charge = 2+ overall charge bound to carbon therefore carbon must have a -2 oxidation state

111
Q

formaldehyde oxidation state

A

0
2+ hydrogen charge + -2 oxygen charge = 0 overall charge bound to carbon therefore 0 overall oxidation state

112
Q

formic acid oxidation state

A

+2
2+ hydrogen charge + -4 oxygen charge = -2 overall charge bound to carbon therefore +2 overall oxidation state

113
Q

carbon dioxide

A

+4
-4 oxygen charge = -4 overall charge bound to carbon therefore +4 overall oxidation state

114
Q

two electron carriers

A

NAD+/NADH
NADP+/NADPH - often used as electron donor in biosynthesis

115
Q

NAD oxidized reduction states

A

NAD+/NADH

116
Q

NADP oxidized reduction states

A

NADP+/NADPH

117
Q

FAD oxidized reduction states

A

FAD/FADH2

118
Q

single electron carrier

A

FAD/FADH2 can still be a two electron carrier

119
Q

activated carriers of two carbon units

A

method of energy transfer and capture
uses Acyl CoA/acetyl CoA

120
Q

NADH and NADPH precursors

A

vitamin B3/ nicotinate

121
Q

FADH2 precursor

A

Riboflavin/vitamin B2

122
Q

CoA precursor

A

Pantothenate/vitamin B5

123
Q
A

BIOCHEM (8 decks)

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