TEST 2 Flashcards
carb functions
energy source
structure
cell-cell recognition
monosaccharides
-must be aldehyde or ketone
-must be polyhydroxy (2 or more OH groups)
-ends in ose
-has 3 or more carbons
-D chirality
D chirality
-based on chiral carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group
-OH on the right
L chirality
-based on chiral carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group
-OH on the left
aldehyde carbohydrates
aldose
ketone carbonhydrates
ketose
constitutional isomers
-chemicals with the same number of each atom
-different structures
L pentose aldose
enantiomers
mirror images
diasteriosmers
isomers that arent mirror images
-anomers
-epimers
epimers
differ at only one chiral carbon
anomers
isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon formed on a ring closure
what is the relation between 2 chemicals that differ between 2 or more chiral carbons?
no relation
different chemicals
furan
pyran
alpha anomer
the OH group is attached below the final group furthest from the inital ketone/aldehyde group
beta anomer
the OH group is attached to the same plane in the ring as the final group in the pre ring form
The oh group is created through the destruction of the ketone/aldehyde group into an oh group
anomeric carbon?
A, anomeric carbons must be bound to the oxygen and have a hydroxyl group
ether bonds are made from what
2 OH groups done through condensation reactions
how to tell if a ring is an aldose or a ketose
-if the anomeric carbon is bonded to a carbon chain outside of the ring its a ketose
-if the anomeric carbon is bonded to only a hydrogen and a hydroxyl group its an aldose
what type of sugars where sugar 1 and sugar 2
sugar 1 beta
sugar 2 alpha
how to identify what type of bond 2 sugars have?
-if both carbons are anomeric idenitfy the configuration for both and state that in answer
-find the number of carbon that the carbon in the bond is
-put it in the following format
-A1-B4
-A1-4
-B1-5
Cellulose
most abundant organic compound
Beta 1-4 linkages
unbranched
cant be digested
starch (Amylopectin)
glucose monomer
alpha 1-4 linkages
alpha 1-6 linkages for branches
(1 branch every about 30 residues)
can be digested
starch (amylose)
glucose monomer
alpha 1,4 linkages
unbranched
can be hundreds of monomers long
can be digested
Glycogen
glucose monomer
alpha 1-4 linkages
alpha 1-6 linkages for branches
(1 branch for about every 10 residues)
Homo polymers
same monomers repeating over and over
carb cell cell recognition example
Blood type (ABO)
lipid functions
energy fuel and storage
membrane components
hormones
fatty acids
long chain hydrocarbons
terminates w carboxylic acids
(usually ends w even # of C’s and may have double bonds)
ends in oate or itic acid
fatty acid functions
-fuel
-building blocks for membranes
-carbons in fatty acids are reduced than carbohydrates
this helps fats yield more energy than carbs
fatty acid numbers system
can be designated by number of carbons and double bonds in the following fashion
18C 2 double bonds = (18:2)
14C 0 double bonds = (14:0)
⍵ carbon
always last carbon on the fatty acid chain
⍺ carbon
carbon in second position from carboxylic acid starting the fatty acid chain
Δ in fatty acids
Δ then a number inticates at which locations on a fatty acid chain double bonds are located
so Δ6 is a double bond at the sixth carbon
how to count chain
count double bonds on a fatty acid chain from the inital carbon on the chain which is usually the carboxylic acid’s carbon
how to count chain from ⍵
count double bonds on a fatty acid chain from the last carbon on the chain (NOT THE CARBOXYLIC ACID END)
only refer to the position of the closest double bond
if the fatty acid has more than 1 disregard the others
saturated fatty acid characteristics
higher melting points
unsaturated fatty acid characteristics
lower melting points
double bonds
cis configuration not trans
mammals cant produce double bonds beyond what carbon chain length
carbon 9
what is a triglyceride
3 ester linkages to tri carbon chain
Sphingolipids
carbon chained linked to an amide then to glycerol
only 1 hydrocarbon chain
isoprenoids
vitamins KADE
chlorophyll
terpenes
heme
cholesterol
-precursor to biologically active steroids
-helps in cell signaling and lipid rafts
phospholipid behavior
immediately aggregate to form lipid bilayer
phospholipids
amphipathic molecule
nonpolar tail
polar head
sphingolipid
integral membrane proteins
bound into the tail/hydrocarbon chain
span most of bilayer
only released when bilayer is disrupted
peripheral membrane protein
bound into the head of the phospholipi
lipid component of cell membrane
50-75%