Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCHEM > TEST 3 > Flashcards

TEST 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
24 electron redox reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does glucose breakdown during glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

reactions that are used to capture energy during cellular respiration?

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pyruvate

A

3 carbon molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

every intermediate compound between glucose and pyruvate is what

A

phosphorylated
keeps the intermediate inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

kinase function

A

transfers phosphoryl group from high energy molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

isomerase function

A

catalyzes the interconversions of isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
&
dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate - used directedly in glycolysis

dihydroxyacetone - not used in glycolysis turned into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate by isomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate turns into what

A

13 bisphosphoglycerate
only added another phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dehydrogenase

A

catalyzes redox reactions by tranfering electrons to electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mutase

A

catalyzes intramolecular shift of a chemical group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Net reaction for glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many electrons are transfered in glycolysis

A

4 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how many molecules of CO2 is produce in glycolysis

A

0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is O2 used in glycolysis

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What other molecules serve as reactants in glycolysis

A

ADP Pi NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what created this change?

A

kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what created this change?

A

isomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what created this change?

A

kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what created this change?

A

aldolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what created this change?

A

isomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what created this change?

A

dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what created this change?

A

kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where does the TCA cycle take place

A

inside the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes
inside the cytoplasm for prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fates of pyruvate

A

lactate
acetyle CoA
acetaldehyde then ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what occurs in the pyruvate to ethanol fermentation pathway?

A

-regeneration of NADH to NAD+ to keep glycolysis going to generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what occurs in the pyruvate to lactate pathway?

A

-regeneration of NAD+ from NADH to continue glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what occurs in the pyruvte to acetyle CoA pathway?

A

–regeneration of NADH from NAD+
-attaches CoA group to Acetyl group from pyruvate
-o2 is needed to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

-synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
-occurs in liver, small amts in kidneys
-maintains glucose concentration in blood
-thermodynamically unfavorable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oxaloacetate is only used where

A

gluconeogenesis
TCA cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

after turning oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate what are the reactions that take place to get back to the start of glycolysis?

A

The exact same reactions that occured in glycolysis occur in gluconeogenesis after the creation of phosphoenolpyruvate but rather in the reverse direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

in gluconeogenesis once fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is created what then occurs?

A

a phosphatase is introduced to cleave off 1 of the phosphates to get back to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

net gluconeogenesis reaction

A

2 pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP +2NADH + 2H + 6H2O = glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 6 Pi + 2NAD+

6 nucleotide triphosphates required to turn an energetically unfavable process into a favorable process
∆G=-38kJ/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cori cycle

A

-glycolysis then gluconeogenesis
-done to allow muscle to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

overall glycolysis byproducts

A

2 ATP
2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

overall TCA cycle byproducts

A

NADH FADH2 GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

conversion reactants and products of pyruvate to acetyl coA

A

reactants: uses CoA and NAD
products: Acetyl CoA and CO2 and NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

prothetic groups of Acetyl CoA

A

TPP
lipoamide
FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

TPP function

A

oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

lipoamide function

A

transfers acetyl group to CoA group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

FAD function

A

regenerates oxidized form of lipoamide
Takes away hydrogens, reduces the sulfurs in lipoamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?

A

eukaryotes- in the matrix of the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

after pyruvate what must be present?

A

O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

once pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA what are its characteristics?

A

its irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

net products from pyruvate to acetyl CoA that isn’t carbon related

A

2 NADH
4 electron transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

net products of glycolysis that isn’t carbon related

A

2 ATP
2NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

1st halve of TCA cycle

A

oxidize carbon to CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

2nd halve of TCA cycle

A

regenerate oxaloacetate (which is the starting material)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

synthase

A

catalyzes the linking of 2 molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

oxygen and TCA Cycle

A

indirectly needed
needs NAD+ and FAD which require 02 to regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

1st step of TCA cycle

A

binding of acetyl CoA to Oxaloacetate
bound by synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what created this?

A

synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what created this?

A

dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what created this?

A

dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

succinate hydrogenase

A

same as complex 2 in electron transport chain
direct link between TCA cycle and electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

per glucose products from glycolysis to TCA cycle

A

4 CO2
6NADH
2FADH
2GTP or 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how many acetyl per glucose?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how many products per glucose in TCA cycle

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2FADH2
4CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

glyoxylate cycle purpose

A

use acetyl CoA to create glucose
creates excess oxaloacetate to create glucose
used in plants and microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where are electron transport chain enzymes found

A

inner mitochondrial membrane
H pumped from matrix into inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

electron gradient in mitochondria

A

charge gradient
3-4 H+ needed for ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

complex 1 hydrogens get transported where

A

to Q pool protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

complex 4

A

-has oxygen come through into the inner mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation
-Cytochrome c oxidase
-oxidizes electrons from cytochome c to O2 the final electron acceptor
-4 e- pumped into intermembrane space per O2
-2 e- pumped per 2 H+ per NADH
-copper is found in complex 4

62
Q

Negative reduction potential

A

Reduced form of substance, lower affinity of electrons than H2
wants to be oxidized

63
Q

Positive reduction potential

A

Oxidized form of substance has higher affinity
for electrons than does H 2
wants to be reduced

64
Q

location of TCA cycle in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes: in the mitochondrial matrix
prokaryote: in the cytoplasm

65
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion
of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. What products are created in this?

A

NADH
CO2

66
Q

CoA contains what functional organic group
that binds acetyl groups

A

thiol / sulfur group

67
Q

only step in TCA cycle that directly creates ATP

A

succinyl CoA to succinate

68
Q

aconitase

A

4 iron 4 sulfur cube complex
has 2 functions- catalyzes convertion of citrate to isocitrate and creates protein with iron

69
Q

complex 3

A

Cytochrome C
Oxidoreductase

transfers 4e- into intermembrane space per NADH

70
Q

complex 2

A

Succinate
Oxidoreductase
transfers electrons from succinate to FADH2
no H+ pumped across membrane

71
Q

complex 1

A

NADH:Ubiquinone (Q)
Oxidoreductase
turns NADH into NAD + 2e-
pumps 4 H+ into intermembrane space per NADH

72
Q

Coenzyme Q

A

ubiquinone
small
diffuses through membrane
isoprenoid tail (hydrophobic keeps it imbedded in membrane)

73
Q

cytochrome

A

-all contain heme groups
-has different properties depending on surrounding protein environment

74
Q

cytochome C

A

-water soluble protein, can diffuse from complex 3 to complex 4

75
Q

electron transport chain overall NADH H pumped into cell

A

10

76
Q

electron transport chain overall FADH2 H pumped into cell

A

6

77
Q

ATP synthase / complex 5

A

imbedded in membrane = F0 subunit
innermembrane subunit = F1 subunit
as protons flow through intermembrane protein, it rotates a rotor 120 degrees

Step 1. bind ADP and Pi
Step 2. bind ATP
Step 3. release ATP

78
Q

gamma subunit of ATP synthase

A

bound to several alpha and beta subunits
bound differently to each subunits

PMF casuses three active sites to sequentially charge function, rotation of the c ring and gamma subunit driving the interconversion of these 3 forms

79
Q

is energy needed to release or bind ATP

A

release

80
Q

subunit T

A

bind ATP

81
Q

subunit O

A

release ATP

82
Q

ATP produced per NADH

A

2.5 ATP

83
Q

ATP produced for each FADH2

A

1.5 ATP

84
Q

link reaction between glycolysis and TCA cycle products

A

2 NADH
2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl CoA

85
Q

electron transport chain can be uncoupled from TCA cycle

A

brown fat uncouples the reaction
generates heat
has protein that lets protons into the matrix without creating ATP

86
Q

photosynthesis definition

A

transformation of electromagnetic energy to chemical
energy

87
Q

light reactions

A

oxidation of water to produce O2 coupled to the
reduction of NADP+ to make NADPH

88
Q

light independent reactions (dark reactions)

A

fixation of CO2 (using
ATP and NADPH) to make carbohydrates

89
Q

chlorophylls do what

A

absorb the energy of a light of a specific wavelength

90
Q

when an electron absorbs a photon of light

A

-it goes into an excited state from ground state
-when the photon is released the electron releases heat
-when it releases the elctron it can transfer the energy to a nieghboring molecule called exciton transfer

91
Q

photoinduced charge separation

A

-Excited electron moves to a
nearby molecule
-This results in a positive charge
on the initial molecule and a
negative charge on the
acceptor molecule

92
Q

chloroplasts utilize what mechanisms of energy transfer

A

resonance energy transfer
and
photoinduced charge separation

93
Q

photosystem 2

A

light harvesting complex

-takes light into photosystem 2 via resonsance energy

-Excitation of special pair chlorophyll
molecules transfer electrons to
pheophytin (Ph) and then to
plastoquinone

-electrons replaced by water

94
Q

Plastoquinone

A

-mobile electron
carrier

-H + for reduction to
QH 2 taken from
stroma (contributes
to H + gradient-
higher in thylakoid
lumen)

95
Q

Water oxidizing complex

A

has manganese center
takes water and oxidizes it for its hydrogens to help with photosystem 2

96
Q

what are the potential fates of pyruvate?

A

conversion to acetyl CoA
conversion into lactate along with NAD+ byproduct
conversion to ethanol with NAD+ and CO2 byproduct

both ethanol and lactate recreate NAD to continue glycolysis to product more ATP

97
Q

aerobic linking reaction between pyruvate and acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate + NAD + CoA ⟶ acetyl CoA +
CO2 + NADH

however there are 2 pyruvate per glucose so the real equation is this

2 pyruvate + 2NAD + 2CoA ⟶ 2acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH

98
Q

cytochrome B6f

A

where electrons are transfered after PS2 and before PS1,
links photosystem to and photosystem 1 via plastocyanin
moves H+ into lumen

does not absorb light energy only transfers electrons
doesnt create ATP

99
Q

PS1

A

energy from reaction center passed to the special pair of chlorophyll molecules in photosystem 1 via resonance energy transfer

excitation of special pair of chlorophyll molecules transfer electrons to quinone, the Fe-S cluster then ferredoxin

electrons backfilled by electrons from plastocyanin

reduced ferredoxin is oxidized w the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH by the enzyme ferredoxin-NADP+ reducatase

100
Q

without NADP+ what happens?

A

H2O is not oxidized

101
Q

light reaction products

A

NADPH & ATP

102
Q

NADPH carries how many electrons to get to NADP+

A

2 electrons

103
Q

O2 per NADPH

A

.5 mols of O2 per 1 mol of NADPH

104
Q

2H20 -> O2 + 4H+ how many electrons produced

A

4

105
Q

Manganese cluster

A

directly oxiedizes water

106
Q

Photosystem 1 oxidizes what

A

plastocyanin

107
Q

Definition and How calvin cycle was found

A

ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions used to reduce CO2 to glucose

attached radioactive CO2 and stopped the process at different stages and identified radioactive compounds

108
Q

stages of calvin cycle

A

1) Fixate Co2 to 3-phosphoglycerate
2) Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerates to hexose sugars
3) Regeneration of ribulose 5-phosphate

109
Q

rubisco in calvin cycle

A

enzyme helps compounds in calvin cycle to attach CO2

very inefficient catalyzes wrong reaction 25% of the time

110
Q

step 1 of calvin cycle requires what

A

Co2 & 1 ATP

111
Q

step 2 of calvin cycle requires what

A

-2 ATP & 2 NADPH
-it requires 2 of each because the last step of step 1 creates 2 reactants to continue on in the cycle

111
Q

step 3 of calvin cycle requires what

A

not much, mostly the same as gluconeogenesis

112
Q

Reactants overall for calvin cycle per CO2

A

3 ATP
2 NADPH
1 CO2

113
Q

CO2 needed per calvin cycle to make 1 glucose

A

6 CO2 to make 1 glucose

114
Q

overall reactants for calvin cyle to make 1 glucose

A

6 CO2
18 ATP
12 NADPH

115
Q

gluconeogenesis uses what molecule that glycolysis doesnt

A

oxaloacetate

116
Q

the cori cycle uses what to create what

A

lactate to create glucose

117
Q

in gluconeogenesis when fructose 1 6 bi phosphate is converted to frcutose 6 phosphate what enzyme is used

A

a phosphatase

118
Q

in the link reaction where pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA what are the byproducts?

A

CO2 and NADH

119
Q

how many ATP are generated per Acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?

A

10 ATP

120
Q

Complexes 1 2 3 all have what in common

A

Fe-S cluster

121
Q

what are electrons transfered to directly after the PS2?

A

plastoquinone

122
Q

in light dependant reactions where are electrons obtained and given?

A

H2O to NADPH

123
Q

what molecules in the gluconeogenesis/glycolysis have higher phophoryl transfer ATP

A

phosphoenolpyruvate and 13bisphosphoglycerate

124
Q

how many nucleoside triphosphates are required in gluconeogenesis

A

2

125
Q

what do humans lack as a metabolism cycle?

A

glycoxylate cycle

126
Q

what does the glycoxylate cycle do

A

converts acetyl coA to oxoaltetate

127
Q

complex 4 has what as cofactors?

A

Cu2+ and cytochome hemes

128
Q

complex 4 does what redox reactions

A

oxidizes cytochrome C and reduces O2

129
Q

sucrose

A

disaccaride composed of 2 monomers

130
Q

glycogen synthesis starts with what

A

creating UDP glucose

131
Q

linkages in glycogen

A

alpha 1 4, branched alpha 1 6
different enzymes are needed to create the different linakges

132
Q

glycogen synthesis

A

-glucose has a phosphate group added
-glucose then has UTP added creating UDP glucose + PPi (2 phosphate groups)

unphosphorylated - active
phosphorylated -inactive

133
Q

alpha 1 4 linkage enzyme

A

glycogen synthase
unphosphorylated- regulated through phosphorylation when

134
Q

alpha 1 6 linkage enzyme

A

-branching enzyme
-can cleave chains and attach it further up the chain for branching, which allows each chain to extend further
-branches every 10 residues
-generally transfers around 7 glucose residues

135
Q

starch

A

polymer of glucose for storage in plants
synthesized using ADP glucose not UDP
branches every 30 residues

136
Q

glycogen degredation enzyme

A

glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen chain + P = glucose 1 phosphate + glycogen chain
catalyzes sequential removal of glucose residues

137
Q

enzymes involved in breaking down glycogen

A

debranching enzyme- required to cleave alpha 1 6 linkages
has the following 2 enzymes within the debranching enzyme

transferase- shifts block of 3 glucosyl residues from one outer branch to another branch

a16 glucosidase- hydrolyzes ⍺1,6 bond- the free glucose molecule
then phosphorylated by hexokinase

138
Q

pentose phosphate pathway

A

Offshoot of glycolysis- glucose-6-
phosphate as a starting point

How non-phototrophs can make
NADPH

source of 5 carbon sugars (helps in nucleotide synthesis)

cost: No ATP/NADH made through glycolysis or TCA cycle

139
Q

2 phases of pentose phosphate pathway

A

1 oxidative generation of NADPH
2 nonoxidiative conversion of sugars

140
Q

NADPH function

A

breakdown electron donor
anabolic

141
Q

NADH function

A

build up electron donor
catabolic

142
Q

pathway from PS2 to PS1

A

pheophytin
plastoquinone
cytochrom B6F
plastocyanin

143
Q

how many electrons per complex 1

A

4 electrons

144
Q

how many electrons per complex 3

A

4 electrons

145
Q

how many electrons per complex 4

A

2 electrons

146
Q

pentose phosphate pathway is needed for what

A

NADPH production and biosynthetic reactions

147
Q

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

A

3 carbon molecule

148
Q

NADH is what ATP equivalent

A

2.5 ATP

149
Q

FADH2 is what ATP equivalent

A

1.5 ATP equivalent

150
Q

what are byproducts of the link reaction per pyruvate

A

1 CO2 1 NADH

151
Q

ATP is produced on the final reaction to the intermediate to pyruvate

A

no answer

152
Q

electrons are transferred to after PS1

A

plastoquinione then iron sulfur cluster then ferrodoxin

153
Q

what happens to ferrodoxin

A

reduced ferredoxin is oxidized w the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

154
Q

how many ATP are produced in gluconeogenesis

A

2 ATP

155
Q
A

BIOCHEM (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions