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BGSU > G1250 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

G1250 - Exam 1 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

How is time put on prog charts

A

Zulu Time

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2
Q

how are station models used

A

to efficiently organize a large amount of observed data on a map

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3
Q

what are the numbers next to the station model number

A

temp (F)
Tdewpoint (F)
P (mb)

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4
Q

what other data does a station model provide

A

wind (direction and speed)
cloud cover
sig. weather

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5
Q

how to decode SLP in mb - if the number is less than 500

A

add “10” before the first number
place “.” before the last number

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6
Q

how to decode SLP in mb - if the number is more than 500

A

add “9” before the first number
place “.” before the last number

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7
Q

what are isobars

A

lines of equal pressure expressed in millibar’s in 4mb contour intervals

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8
Q

what are the two types of pressure systems

A

high and low

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9
Q

what are fronts and name the four types

A

boundaries that divide warm and cold air

Cold
Occluded
Warm
Stationary

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10
Q

what is a pressure gradient

A

rate of pressure change over a distance

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11
Q

what two factors goes into a pressure gradient

A

distance between isobars and relationship with wind speed (inverse)

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12
Q

what is dew point depression (DPD)

A

T-Tdewpoint (in F)
approx. measure of RH

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13
Q

how is doppler radar expressed

A

base reflectivity mode

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14
Q

in base reflectivity mode, energy what

A

scatters

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15
Q

what are the two GOES Satellite

A

Vis - reflect
infrared - emit

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16
Q

an air mass is

A

either cold or warm, not both
either humid of dry, not both
covers a huge area

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17
Q

an air mass source region

A

is extremely large

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18
Q

air masses don’t form over the midlatitudes because the midlatitudes are too

A

windy

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19
Q

a front

A

is a boundary between 2 different air masses
typically causes warm air to rise
usually leads to clouds and precipitation

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20
Q

both cold and warm fronts cause ? air to rise because the ? air is more dense

A

warm, cold

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21
Q

Air masses cover

A

very large areas with uniform temp and humidity characteristics

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22
Q

name the 5 air masses

A

continental tropical (cT)
maritime tropical (mT)
continental Polar (cP)
maritime Polar (mP)
Arctic (A)

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23
Q

air mass source regions are

A

where air masses form

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24
Q

where do air masses form

A

very large area
either land or water, not both
either cold or warm, not both
light winds
not mountainous

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25
Q

frontal types are always determined by

A

cold air movements (density)

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26
Q

cold fronts

A

cold air advances

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27
Q

warm fronts

A

cold air retreats

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28
Q

stationary fronts

A

cold air neither advances nor retreats

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29
Q

frontal position

A

ALWAYS extend from lows
NEVER extend from highs

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30
Q

when cold air advances on a cold front

A

warm air is forced to rise by advancing cold/dense air

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31
Q

what type of clouds are associated with cold fronts & weather

A

towering clouds
intense showers, storms along relatively narrow band along and ahead of front

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32
Q

when cold air retreats on a warm front

A

warm air forces to rise up and over retreating cold/dense air

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33
Q

what type of clouds are associated with warm & weather

A

extensive stratiform cloud shield along and ahead of the front / overrunning

large shield of light to moderate steady precipitation along and ahead of the front

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34
Q

when cold air neither advances nor retreats

A

warm air is forces to rise up and over stationary cold/dense air

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35
Q

what type of clouds are associated with stationary fronts & weather

A

cloud signature similar to warm front / overrunning

large shield of light to moderate steady precipitation along and ahead of front

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36
Q

which way does air flow in a high pressure system

A

CW and out (down)

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37
Q

why fronts with high pressure

A

all air swirls out from a single point, its the center
and there’s uniform temp and humidity characterizes

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38
Q

what is a streamline analysis for high

A

instantaneous flow of air and air swirls cw and out from the center of a high pressure

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39
Q

which was does air flow in a low pressure system

A

CCW and in (up)

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40
Q

why are there fronts with low pressures

A

all air swirls in toward from a single point
polar air from the north and tropical air from the south converge upon the low center

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41
Q

streamline analysis for low

A

air swirls ccw and in toward the center of low pressure

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42
Q

streamlines converge

A

at the low center and along fronts

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43
Q

circulation sectors around a surface low (warm)

A

east of cold front, south of warm front

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44
Q

circulation sectors around a surface low (cold)

A

north of warm front, west of cold front

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45
Q

what is does a metogram measure

A

the change in wx at a point during 24 hours period

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46
Q

what are the big three gases in the atmosphere

A

nitrogen (N2)
oxygen (O2)
argon (Ar)

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47
Q

greenhouse gases are transparent to

A

incoming energy from the sun

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48
Q

greenhouse gases increase concentrations that cause

A

the climate to warm (greenhouse effect)

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49
Q

greenhouse gases include

A

CO2
CH4
N2O
H20 vapor

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50
Q

temperature is the measure of

A

mechancial energy

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51
Q

TE= PE +

A

KE

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52
Q

temperature is which kind of energy

A

KE (mean)

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53
Q

vertical temperature variations are based on

A

heat source locations
(spheres and pauses)

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54
Q

name the layers of the atmosphere, in order

A

troposphere
tropopause
stratosphere
stratopause
mesosphere
thermosphere

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55
Q

which layers of the atmosphere have heat sources

A

troposphere
stratosphere
thermosphere

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56
Q

what is the heat source of the troposphere

A

the surface

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57
Q

what is the heat source of the stratosphere

A

O3

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58
Q

what is the heat source of the thermosphere

A

ToA

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59
Q

is heat a noun or a verb

A

verb

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60
Q

when heating an object, energy is transferred from a

A

warm object to a cold object

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61
Q

how many types of heat are there

A

3

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62
Q

name the three different types of heat

A

conduction
convection
laten (hidden) heat

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63
Q

what is conductive heat

A

the transfer of energy from a warm to cold THROUGH an object

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64
Q

what is convection heat

A

the transfer of energy by moving a warm object to a cold location

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65
Q

what is convection heat driven by

A

density differences

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66
Q

when the sun heats the ground, it is called

A

radiation

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67
Q

when the ground heats the air, it is called

A

conduction

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68
Q

when the warm air rises, it is called

A

convection

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69
Q

when does laten (hidden) heat occur

A

when water changes phase

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70
Q

Solid to vapor, is called

A

sublimation

71
Q

vapor to solid, is called

A

deposition

72
Q

energy content of vapor

A

high

73
Q

energy content of liquid

A

medium

74
Q

energy content of a solid

A

low

75
Q

energy absorbed is what process

A

cooling

76
Q

energy releases is what process

A

warming

77
Q

the cooling process

A

melting
evaporation
sublimation

78
Q

the warming process

A

freezing
condensation
deposition

79
Q

latent heat is the energy that

A

is required to change the phase of water, at a constant water temperature

80
Q

metrological application of laten heat

A

atmospheric stability
thunderstorms

81
Q

Evaporation is a cooling process because

A

the surrounding air cools during the phase change

82
Q

condensation is a warming process because

A

the surrounding air warms during the phase change

83
Q

in general terms, when water changes phase, the phase change is accompanied by a change in ? temperature

A

air

84
Q

latent heat is defined to be the energy ?

A

required to change the phase of water at a constant water temp

85
Q

evaporation is a ? process where latent heat is ? the environment

A

cooling, absorbed from

86
Q

condensation is a ? process where latent heat is ? the environment

A

warming, released to

87
Q

pressure is measued with a

A

barometer

88
Q

how to measure the atmospheric weight

A

F=ma

89
Q

standard atmosphere

A

1ATM =
14.7 lbs/in2
29.92 Hg
1013.25mb (950-1050mb)

90
Q

vertical pressure profile is

A

exponential decrease with height

91
Q

relationship between p+(m/v) and mechanical energy

A

consider a volume with a constant mass

92
Q

blow off duster is an example of

A

expansional cooling

93
Q

driving on an overinflated tire is an example of

A

compressional warming

94
Q

pressure is a measure of atmospheric

A

weight

95
Q

sea level pressure is almost always between

A

950-1050mb

96
Q

sea level pressure is typically around

A

1,000 mb

97
Q

Density is a measure of atmospheric

A

mass per unit volume

98
Q

both pressure and density ? with increasing height

A

decrease exponentially

99
Q

expansional cooling occurs when a volume of air expands. at the same time, its potential energy ? and its kinetic energy ?

A

increase, decreases

100
Q

compressional warming occurs when a volume of air is compressed. at the same time, its potential energy ? and its kinetic energy ?

A

decreases, increases

101
Q

what are the three types of energy

A

mechanical energy
electromagnetic energy
conversion from electromagnetic to mechanical via absorption

102
Q

Stefan-Boltzman Law is

A

energy emitted
E = OT4

103
Q

wavelengths at which energy is emitted is what law

A

wien’s displacement law

104
Q

planck function of the sun

A

0.5

105
Q

planck function of the earth

A

10.0

106
Q

the earth system energy balance is at

A

change in temp = o

107
Q

the top of the energy system is equal to what

A

342

108
Q

the middle of the earth system is

A

519

109
Q

the surface of the earth system is

A

492

110
Q

the enhacned GHE and changing climate

A

paleoclimate
- tree rings
- ice cores
- mud/silt cores

111
Q

a greenhouse gas ? incoming solar energy and ? outgoing infrared energy from the earth

A

it transparent to, absorbs

112
Q

the greenhouse effect is the warming of the atmosphere that results from the ? of the earths outgoing infrared energy by the greenhouse gases

A

absorption

113
Q

increased atmospheric greenhouse concentrations cause both ? and ? to increase

A

IR energy absorbed by the atmosphere, IR energy emitted by the atmosphere (back radiation)

114
Q

how many types of weather satellite are there

A

two types

115
Q

name the two types of weather satellites

A

geosynchronous (GOES) and Polar Orbiting (POES)

116
Q

is GOES stationary or does it move

A

stationary above the point on the equator

117
Q

advantages of GOES

A

high resolution
60degrees N- 60 degrees S

118
Q

disadvantages of GOES

A

high latitudes

119
Q

POES rotates

A

beneath satellite

120
Q

disadvantages of POES

A

multiple times in single image
low Latitude
Resolution

120
Q

Advantage of POES

A

high latitudes

121
Q

what are the three types of satellite sensors

A

visible (vis) and infrared (IR) and water vapor (VAP)

122
Q

how VIS measures what

A

reflected vis

123
Q

what’s an issue with VIS

A

no utility at night

124
Q

how is IR measured

A

emitted IR

125
Q

water vapor mauseres

A

emitted IR at the highest altitude vapor

126
Q

base reflectivity radar emits

A

microwave pulse and energy is scattered back to radar

127
Q

national base reflectivity radar intensity is at

A

0.5 degrees

128
Q

national composite reflectivity radar maximum intensity is between

A

0.5 and 3.5 degrees

129
Q

motion towards radar waves

A

compress and increase in frequency

130
Q

motion away from radar waves

A

stretch and decrease frequency

131
Q

not every tornado produces a

A

hook echo

132
Q

focus on what mode to id rotation

A

base velocity

133
Q

doppler radar emits pules of ? energy, that interacts with droplets and crystals in the clouds

A

microwave

134
Q

when is base reflectivity mode, doppler radar measures the amount of energy that is ? back to the radar

A

scattered

135
Q

a composite reflectivity radar provides more information than base reflective radar because it

A

sense through a greater depth of a cloud

136
Q

a tornado can be ID by doppler radar in base reflectivity mode when the reflectivity indicate

A

a hook echo

137
Q

a tornado can be ID by doppler radar in base velocity mode when velocities indicate ?

A

a cloud level rotation

138
Q

base reflectivity radar often misses the occurrence of Tornados because not every tornado produces a

A

a hook echo

139
Q

an air mass

A

is extremely large

140
Q

an air mass source region

A

is either land or water, not both
is either warm or cold, not both
is extremely large
has very light winds

141
Q

a front

A

is a boundary between 2 different air masses
typically causes warm air to rise
usually leads to clouds and precip

142
Q

the movement of a front is always determined by the movement of the ? air because it is ?

A

cold, more dense

143
Q

a boundary is a cold front when the ?

A

cold air advances

144
Q

a boundary is a warm front when the ?

A

cold air retreats

145
Q

overrunning occurs in the vicinity of a ? front when ? air glides up and over retreating ? air along and ahead of the front

A

cold, warm, cold

146
Q

the wind circulation around a center of high pressure is ?

A

CW and outward

147
Q

the wind circulation around a center of low pressure is ?

A

CCW and inward

148
Q

fronts always extend from center of ? pressure because ?

A

low, air flows inward from all directions to the low center

149
Q

the three most common gases in the dry atmosphere are

A

argon, oxygen and nitrogen

150
Q

a greenhouse gas ? incoming energy from the sun and ? outgoing energy from the earth

A

is transparent to, absorbs

151
Q

the only has in the list is not a greenhouse gas

A

nitrogen

152
Q

temperature is a measure of ?

A

mean kinetic energy

153
Q

ice melts at a temp of 32 F and ?C

A

0

154
Q

temp ? with increasing height in the troposphere because ?

A

decreases, the earths surface is a heat source

155
Q

temp ? with increasing height in the stratosphere because ?

A

increase, ozone absorbs incoming ultraviolet energy from the sun

156
Q

virtually all of the earths weather takes place in the

A

troposphere

157
Q

temp is a measure of ?

A

mean kinetic energy

158
Q

heat is a measure of

A

energy transfer from a warm to cold object

159
Q

conduction occurs when energy is transferred ?

A

through an object from warm to cold

160
Q

convection occurs when energy is transferred ?

A

by moving a warm object to a cold location

161
Q

in general terms, when water changes phase, the phase change is accompanies by a change in ? temperature

A

air

162
Q

Latent heat is defined to be the energy ?

A

required to change the phase of water at a constant water temperature

163
Q

Evaporation is a ? process where latent heat is ? the environment.

A

cooling, absorbed from

164
Q

Condensation is a ? process where latent heat is ? the environment.

A

warming, released to

165
Q

The Stefan-Boltzmann law tells us that the amount of energy an object emits per unit area depends on the object’s ?.

A

temperature to the 4th power

166
Q

The Sun emits 160,000 times more energy than the Earth (per unit area) because the Sun is ? than the Earth.

A

20 times hotter

167
Q
A
168
Q

The Sun emits energy primarily in the ? range while the Earth emits primarily in the ? range.

A

visible, infrared

169
Q

Wien’s displacement law tells us that 𝛌max of the Sun occurs in the ? range while 𝛌max of the Earth occurs in the ? range.

A

visible, infrared

170
Q

Visible satellite sensors measure the amount of visible light that is ? by Earth and atmosphere.

A

reflected

171
Q

Infrared satellite sensors measure that amount of infrared energy that is ? by the highest object at a given location.

A

emitted

172
Q

Water vapor satellite sensors measure that amount of infrared energy that is ? by the top of the vapor layer at a given location.

A

emitted

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