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ASC 410 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

How do horses generate movement?

A

-muscles contract and pull on a tendon
-the tendon is attached to a bone
-the muscle-tendon unit causes the bones to move

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2
Q

Adduction

A

moving in towards the body

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3
Q

Abduction

A

moving out away from the body

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4
Q

Flexion

A

closing the angle of the joint

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5
Q

Extension

A

opening the angle of the joint

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6
Q

How are muscles and tendons named?

A

for their type of movement, their location, and/or the structures they move

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7
Q

Extensor carpi radialis

A

extends the knee (carpus), located along the radius (on the dorsal side)

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8
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

flexes the knee, located along the radius (on the palmar side)

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9
Q

A muscle is a…

A

bundle of fasicles

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10
Q

A fasicle is a…

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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11
Q

Muscle fibers are…

A

bundles of myofibrils

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12
Q

Where does muscle contraction occur?

A

in the sarcomere

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13
Q

What is the thick filament made of?

A

myosin

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14
Q

What is the thin filament made of?

A

actin

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15
Q

What is the sarcomere made up of?

A

the thick and thin filaments

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16
Q

The thin filament is anchored to…

A

the Z line

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17
Q

The thick filament is anchored to…

A

the M line

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18
Q

When the muscle relaxes what is occuring?

A

tropomyosin is blocking the binding sites on Actin

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19
Q

When the muscle is contracting what is occuring?

A

tropanin releases tropomyosin so myosin can bind to actin and the muscle can contract

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20
Q

Steps to muscle contraction:

A

-a neural impulse occurs, signaling a need to contract
-the neural signal causes a chain of reactions resulting in the release of calcium within the muscle cell
-the calcium causes a change that allows the thin and thick filaments of the sarcomere to interact
-ATP is used as the thick and thin filaments associate and disassociate-causing the sarcomere to shorten (contraction)

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21
Q

How many phosphates are in ATP

A

3

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22
Q

How many phosphates are in ADP

A

2

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23
Q

Where do muscles get ATP

A

-stored ATP
-creatine phosphate
-aerobic (oxidative) metabolism
-anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism

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24
Q

What is stored ATP good for?

A

brief activities, very limited amounts

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25
Q

What is creatine phosphate good for?

A

short activities, very limited amounts

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26
Q

Aerobic (oxidative) metabolism

A

-uses carbohydrates or fat
-efficient
-sustainable
-not always fast and needs oxygen

27
Q

Primary sources of fuel for aerobic ATP production:

A

-fat
-carbohydrates

28
Q

What is not a primary energy source for contracting muscle?

A

protein

29
Q

Which is the more efficient fuel source for aerobic ATP production?

A

fat

30
Q

Fat is…

A

-the most efficient source
-the most abundant source

31
Q

Where is fat stored?

A

-some in muscle cells
-some in adipose tissue

32
Q

What are fats stored as?

A

triglycerides

33
Q

What is broken down in fats to produce ATP?

A

fatty acids

34
Q

The process of aerobic ATP production with fat is relatively…

A

slow

35
Q

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in the body?

A

gycogen

36
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

-in the muscle cells
-in the liver

37
Q

What is glycogen broken down to?

A

glucose

38
Q

Glycogen stores are ______ ______ compared to fat stores

A

very small

39
Q

Blood glucose fuel source for aerobic ATP production

A

muscle cells can take up glucose from the bloodstream for ATP

40
Q

Sources of blood glucose

A

-food (primarily starches and sugars)
-liver glycogen
-gluconeogenesis in the liver

41
Q

Anerobic (glycolytic) metabolism can only use _______ in ATP production

A

carbohydrates

42
Q

Anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism:

A

-not as efficient
-fast
-oxygen not needed (muscles don’t need to be warmed up yet)
-accumulation of H+ can lead to fatigue

43
Q

Anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism produces what with ATP from glucose?

A

lactic acid

44
Q

What determines which energy system is used?

A

-oxygen availability
-activity
-fiber type
-training

45
Q

Draft horses pulling heavy loads would use which ATP production system?

A

stored ATP and creatine-P

46
Q

Endurance horses would use which ATP production system?

A

most aerobic metabolism

47
Q

Racehorses would use which ATP production system?

A

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (anaerobic allows the extra speed past what aerobic provides)

48
Q

Muscle fiber types:

A

Type I, Type IIA, and Type IIX

49
Q

Postural muscles are more of which fiber type?

A

more type I (don’t have to contract fast)

50
Q

Driving muscles are more of which fiber type?

A

more type II (more exercise associated)

51
Q

Fiber type distribution in breeds

A

it involves some genetics:
-arabians have more type I and type IIA
-quarter horses have more type IIA and type IIX

52
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

Fatigue resistant because:
-slow contraction (“slow-twitch”)
-red fibers (high in myoglobin)
-narrow diameter (better nutrients in/out)
-high blood flow
-many mitochondria (where a lot of ATP is produced)
-relatively high in fat (very aerobic, can utilize the fat)
-relatively low in glycogen

53
Q

Type IIA muscle fibers

A

Moderately fatigue resistant because:
-fast contraction speed (“fast-twitch”)
-red fibers (moderate in myoglobin)
-medium diameter
-good blood flow
-moderate mitochondria
-medium in fat
-medium in glycogen
-function mostly aerobic
-can produce ATP anaerobically

54
Q

Type IIX muscle fibers

A

NOT fatigue resistant because:
-fast contraction speed (“fast-twitch”)
-white fibers (low in myoglobin)
-largest in diameter (nutrients harder to get in/out)
-less blood flow
-fewer mitochondria
-low in fat
-high in glycogen
-mostly anaerobic
-have high buffering capacity (better able to deal with lactic acid)

55
Q

What muscle fiber is mostly recruited for low intensity exercise?

A

type I

56
Q

What muscle fiber is mostly recruited for high intensity exercise?

A

type IIX

57
Q

Muscle fiber type recruitment:

A

1.) type I - will still be used as exercise intensity increases
2.) type IIA - continues to be recruited
3.) type IIX - all the muscle fibers are recruited now

58
Q

Effects of training on the respiratory system

A

minimal effects

59
Q

Effects of training on the cardiovascular system

A

-max HR is not changed
-stroke volume may increase
-increased capillary density in muscles (increases blood flow-increases O2)

60
Q

With training, VO2 max _______

A

increases
-horses can exercise for a longer period of time

61
Q

With training, horses use _______ more efficiently

A

O2
-do the same work but use less oxygen

62
Q

Effects of training on muscle:

A

-increase in aerobic metabolism (use more fat and spare carbs, produce less lactic acid)
-increase in muscle glycogen concentrations (more substrate available for ATP synthesis)
-increase in intracellular buffering (can tolerate more lactic acid production)

63
Q

With training less _______ is produced at any given intensity

A

lactate

64
Q

With training horses use less _______ because…

A

glycogen because they’ll be using more fat

ASC 410 (22 decks)

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