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ASC 410 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical bone

A

-mostly in the shaft (diaphysis)
-dense
-stiff

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2
Q

Cancellous bone

A

-aka trabecular or spongey bone
-shock absorbing
-can compress
-mostly in the epiphysis of the bone

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
-sensing and signaling

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone builders
-secrete osteoid, collagen-based bone matrix

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone dissolvers
-cause release of calcium

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6
Q

Bones are…

A

dynamic
-mineralization and demineralization are continual

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7
Q

Osteoporosis

A

“brittle bones”
-demineralization exceeds mineralization
-common at old age

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8
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

infection in a bone

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9
Q

Periostitis

A

new bone growth (deposition) associated with irritation, trauma to an area of the periosteum

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10
Q

Common locations of periostitis

A

-between the splint bones and cannon (“splints”)
-at the insertion of tendons or ligaments (most common in lower leg/pastern)
-can also occur in response to trauma to an area

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11
Q

Splints

A

a form of periostitis
-more common on front limbs (the medial aspect)
-can be sore when it first happens
-more common in young horses

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12
Q

Ring bone

A

a form of periostitis
-new bone proliferation at the insertion of the extensor tendon
-usually on the short pastern
-common in horses that work on hard surfaces or horses that have a lot of animation
-can cause lameness if it bridges over the pastern

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13
Q

Types of fractures:

A

-open or closed
-complete or incomplete
-comminuted
-displaced or non-displaced

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14
Q

Open fracture

A

skin in broken and the bone is exposed,
increased risk of infection

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15
Q

Closed fracture

A

bone is fractured but did not break skin, much better than an open fracture

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16
Q

Complete fracture

A

in two pieces

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17
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

only cracked (not completely broken in two)

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18
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

a type of complete fracture
-bone is in many pieces or shattered

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19
Q

Displaced fracture

A

the bone fragment has moved from its original site
-the fragment can puncture the skin or damage the neurovascular bundle (if in the legs) and cause more damage

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20
Q

Non-displaced fracture

A

bone is aligned as it should be, just fractured. Better than a displaced fracture

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21
Q

The three phases of bone healing:

A

-inflammatory phase
-reparative phase
-remodeling phase

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22
Q

Inflammatory phase of bone healing

A
  1. hemorrhaging, clot, inflammatory cells arrive (heat, pain, swelling)
  2. increase blood flow
  3. osteoclasts arrive and will clean up bone debris in the area
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23
Q

Reparative phase of bone healing:

A
  1. chondrocytes and fibroblasts arrive, deposit collage to begin the formation of a soft callus (over the fracture site) – 1-2 weeks
  2. osteoblasts arrive and deposit osteoids, osteoids form the matrix that will be mineralized
  3. mineralization of osteoid begins formation of the hard callus, bone formation may occur outside the boundary of the original bone – 2-4 months
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24
Q

Remodeling phase of bone healing:

A
  1. may overlap with reparative phase
  2. osteoclasts remove excess bone mass at fracture site…returns bone to original shape (can take several months)
  3. bone strength can return to normal
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25
Q

What affects bone healing rate?

A

-extent and location of damage
-type of fracture (open comminuted/displaced is the worst)
-age of animal (young faster than old)
-ability to stabilize (prevent further damage and the proximity of pieces to each other)
-amount of associated soft tissue damage

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26
Q

Internal fixation

A

a type of fracture repair
-putting in screws to stabilize the bone
-sometimes screws are left in, sometimes they are taken out

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27
Q

What is the main goal of fracture first aid?

A

to prevent closed, incomplete fractures from becoming:
-open
-complete
-comminuted
-displaced

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28
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

-bones get thicker; osteoclasts and osteoblasts
-occurs primarily in the periosteum

29
Q

The periosteum is more active in…

A

young animals

30
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in adults in response to:

A

exercise, the bone can get thicker

31
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

bones get longer (horses get taller)

32
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

at the growth plate (physis)

33
Q

When does endochondral ossification stop?

A

occurs until the physis closes
-not all physes close at the same time
-some are closed at birth; others close later than 2 years old

34
Q

The process of endochondral ossification

A

-chondrocytes multiply and form columns
-chondrocytes hypertrophy (columns are invaded by blood vessels and chondrocyte formation/lysis)
-osteogenesis
-remodeling (attaining the final shape)

35
Q

Osteomylitis

A

infection of the bone

36
Q

Osteogenesis

A

bone formation

37
Q

When does the physis at the proximal P-1 then distal cannon close?

A

4-8 months (long pastern first than distal cannon)

38
Q

When does the physis at the distal radius and tibia close?

A

18-24 months or later

39
Q

Which grows longer the cannon or the radius?

A

the radius (cannons are relatively the same size when the foal is born to when they mature)

40
Q

What % of their mature height are foals when they are born?

A

about 50-60%

41
Q

When does a horse normally reach 100% mature height?

A

around 2.5-4 years old

42
Q

What % of their mature weight are foals when they are born?

A

about 10%

43
Q

When foals are born they are shaped more like an…

A

upright rectangle

44
Q

What part of a horse typically grows faster in height?

A

the hind end

45
Q

Horses may reach mature height …

A

before mature weight, length, and width

46
Q

Defects in early skeletal development may have long term effects on:

A

-conformation
-movement
-bone strength
-joint function

47
Q

Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)

A

a collection of different developmental bone and joint issues

48
Q

DOD includes:

A

-physitis
-flexural and angular deformities
-osteochondrosis

49
Q

Physitis

A

inflammation around the physis (growth plate)
-usually the metaphyseal growth plate
-often mild and resolves with no long term significance

50
Q

Most common locations of physitis

A

-fetlock (in foals and weanlings, short yearlings)
-knee (weanlings and yearlings, sometimes 2 yr olds)

51
Q

If physitis is severe what can occur:

A

-can cause lameness or uneven loading
-can make angular deformities worse

52
Q

Physitis can be worse with/in

A

-big bodied foals
-with hard surfaces

53
Q

Flexural defects

A

see it from the side, difficult to resolve
-over at the knee
-back at the knee
-upright pasterns
-club foot

54
Q

Angular defects

A

seen from the front, easier to resolve; may be present at birth and improve or worsen with growth
-in at the knee/carpus valgus
-carpus varus
-toed in/out
-cow hocks

55
Q

If something is congenital

A

they were born with it

56
Q

What can angular deformities result in?

A

uneven loading in joints and physes which can create more damage
-surgical approaches effective when the physis is still active

57
Q

Transphyseal “bridge”/screw

A

screw placed across physis on fast growing side (not joint)
-allows slow growing side to catch up and then the bridge is removed
-bones will heal the holes

58
Q

Osteochondrosis

A

defect in normal conversion of cartilage to bone at growth plate
-most defects are initiated before 1 year of age
-some defects may resolve

59
Q

Osteochondrosis can result in

A

-areas of reduced mineralization (lucencies)
-osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions
-lameness depending on site and severity, type of horse activity
-weakened areas in the bone

60
Q

The two types of physis:

A

epiphyseal
metaphyseal

61
Q

OCD lesion

A

an area on the bone that is not well defined and rough and sometimes cracked

62
Q

Subchondral lucency

A

a bone cist
-area of the bone that is less dense and weaker

63
Q

Risk factors for DOD

A

-genetics
-environment (housing)
-health/exercise
-diet

64
Q

The most important age to try to prevent DOD is:

A

0-20 months old

65
Q

When is the equine skeleton fully mature?

A

3-5 years old

66
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or evens in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems

67
Q

Epidemiology is important because it:

A

allows evaluation of large numbers of animals, across many conditions

68
Q

From the studies, was early exercise detrimental?

A

not really from the data provided

69
Q

From the studies, was early exercise beneficial?

A

possibly

ASC 410 (22 decks)

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