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Biology > B6+B7 Preventing and treating disease and non communicable diseases > Flashcards

B6+B7 Preventing and treating disease and non communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main ways bacteria can enter the body

A

droplet infection
direct contact
ingestion
Through the skin

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2
Q

How does your skin protect you from disease

A

Acts as a barrier
If the skin is broken your platelets form a clot that dries into a scab
Your skin produces antimicrobial secretions
Healthy skin is covered with microorganisms that act as a barrier

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3
Q

How does hair and mucus protect you from disease

A

They trap particles that may contain pathogens
Mucus is wafted up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed
Stomach acid then destroys any microorganisms that may have been present in the mucus

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4
Q

What are the 3 roles of white blood cells

A

Engulf destroy and digest pathogens
Produce antibodies that are specific to that pathogen
Produce antigens

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5
Q

Name 2 physical defences plants have

A

Tough waxy cuticles or leaves
Layers of dead cells around stems/bark

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6
Q

Name 2 chemical defences plants have

A

Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons

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7
Q

Name 3 mechanical defences plants have

A

Thorns and hairs
Leaves that droop or curl
Mimicry

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8
Q

What is an antigen

A

Protein marker on the surface of a cell
Helps your body identify its own cells

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9
Q

How do you become immune to a disease

A

A foreign antigen enters the body
The white blood cell produces antibodies which destroy the pathogen
The memory cells remember the pathogen
The next time the pathogen enters the body the memory cells can make the antibodies much faster and in higher quantities

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10
Q

How do vaccinations work

A

Small amounts of a dead or inactive pathogen are injected into the body
The antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells to make antibodies which destroy the antigen with no risk of you getting infected
You are now immune because your body can respond rapidly and make the correct antibody as if you have already had the disease

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11
Q

What is herd immunity

A

If a large proportion of the population are immune the spread of a pathogen is limited

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12
Q

What is the role of painkillers

A

Relieve symptoms and make you feel better

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13
Q

What is the role of antobiotics

A

Kill bacterial pathogens by damaging bacterial cell walls without harming your own cells

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14
Q

Where is aspirin found

A

Willow bark

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15
Q

Where is digitalis found

A

Fox gloves-Treatment for heart conditions

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16
Q

Why do we test drugs

A

To test they have the following properties:
Efficacy-Cures the disease
Safe-not toxic and has no side affects
Stable-Can be used under normal conditions

17
Q

What are the steps of testing drugs

A

Preclinical testing-Lots of possible drugs are made to target a disease and are tested for efficacy and toxicity on cells, tissues and organs, the small number of chemical which pass are then tested on animals

Clinical Trials-Low doses are given to healthy volunteers, if it is safe then it is tested on larges sample sizes

18
Q

What is a placebo

A

A version of the drug that does not contain the active ingredient

19
Q

What are double blind trial

A

Half the patients get the real drug, half the patients get the placebo, neither patients nor doctors know who receives what
Shows if drug is actually effective

20
Q

Why are antibodies useful

A

They bind to specific molecules meaning they can be used to locate specific cells in the body, bind to and label specific molecules and be used in diagnostic testing

21
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made

A

A mouse in injected with a specific antigen
The WBC in the mouse produce antibodies
The antibodies are fused with human tumour cells to form a hybridoma
The hybridoma divides rapidly to make many WBC
The monoclonal antibodies are collected and purified

22
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Pregnancy tests
Cancer tratments

23
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

The monoclonal antibodies used bind to HCG which is a hormone made only in pregnancy

24
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer

A

MCA bind to cancer cells triggering an immune response to destroy cancer cells
MCA block receptors on cancer cells which stops them growing
MCA carry drugs/radioactive substances to attack only cancer cells

25
Q

What are the pros and cons of using MCA to treat cancer

A

Pros-
They can bind to specific diseased cells
Could be used to treat a wide range of conditions
Doesn’t harm healthy cells

Cons-
Expensive
Could cause side affects

26
Q

What are the risk factors for noncommunicable diseases

A

Genes
Lifestyle
Environment

27
Q

How are tumours formed

A

Cells start to divide in an abnormal and uncontrolled way

28
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Abnormal growth contained by a membrane
Does not invade other body parts
Can be life threatening
Not cancerous

29
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Cancerous
Spreads around body and invades other organs
Often difficult to treat
Can be fatal if left untreated

30
Q

What are cigarettes made of and how do they harm the body

A

Carbon monoxide-Takes up oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Nicotine-Produces feeling of calm-Addictive

Tar-Damages lung tissue, causes cancer

31
Q

How does smoking cause problems during pregnancy

A

The mothers blood carries carbon monoxide so the foetus does not get enough oxygen leading to premature birth, low birthweight and increases chance of still birth

32
Q

How does smoking cause problems with the heart and blood vessels

A

Blood vessels narrow and chemicals damage living arteries
Increases blood pressure
Causes coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease-Heart attack and stroke

33
Q

How does smoking cause problems in the lungs

A

Tar accumulates
Alveoli breakdown
Reduces surface area of lungs

34
Q

Why is fat important

A

Makes cell membranes
Protection
Insulation
Energy storage
Makes some hormones

35
Q

Why is too much fat bad

A

Leads to obesity and a greater risk of developing diseases such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure

36
Q

What are carcinogens

A

Something that causes cancer

37
Q

What are the effects of alcohol

A

Affects the nervous system
Can lead to slower reactions, reflexes and though processes
Large doses and lead to unconsciousness
Alcohol is a carcinogen so can cause liver cancer and cirrhosis-Healthy liver cells are replaced with scar tissue

38
Q

How does alcohol affect pregnancy

A

Alcohol crosses the placenta
Baby liver is one of the last organs to develop
Increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, premature birth and still birth

Biology (11 decks)

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