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Biology > B10 The nervous system, eye and brain > Flashcards

B10 The nervous system, eye and brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function

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2
Q

What 2 conditions need to be maintained for optimum enzyme action

A

pH
Temperature

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3
Q

What is negative feedback

A

When a change away from the ideal triggers a reaction to bring the change back to normal

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4
Q

What 3 things need to be controlled by negative feedback

A

Water levels
Body temperature
Blood glucose concentration

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5
Q

What are receptors

A

Detect changes in the internal or external environment

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6
Q

What are stimuli

A

A change in the environment

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7
Q

What is an effector

A

A muscle of gland that brings out a response

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8
Q

What is a coordinator

A

Areas that receive and process information from receptors

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9
Q

Give 5 examples of coordinators in the body

A

Brain
Pancreas
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Spinal cord

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10
Q

Describe the function and structure of the sensory neurone

A

Connects the receptor to the CNS
Has a nucleus
Myelin sheath for insulation
Has axon
Cell body is in the middle

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11
Q

Describe the function and structure of the motor neurone

A

Connects CNS to muscles/glands
Has a nucleus
Myelin sheath for insulation
Has axon
Cell body is at the end

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12
Q

How does the body respond to a stimulus

A

The receptor cell detects the stimulus
An electrical impulse is sent via nerves along the sensory neurone to the CNS
The CNS coordinates the response
An electrical impulse is sent along the motor neurone to a muscle or gland
This triggers a response

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13
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of

A

Spinal chord and brain

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14
Q

What are the 4 sense organs and what receptors do they contain

A

Eyes-Light
Ears-Sound, pressure
Nose-Chemical(smell)
Skin-Pain, pressure, change in temperature

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15
Q

Name 2 effectors and how they respond to impulses

A

Muscles-Contract
Glands-Secrete hormones

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16
Q

What is the relay neurone

A

Connects sensory and motor neurone and is involved in a reflex action

17
Q

What is a synapse

A

Junction between 2 neurones

18
Q

How does a synapse work

A

The impulse arrives at the end of the axon
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released
These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone
The binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor stimulates the second neuron to transmit an electrical impulse

19
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex

A

Concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

20
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Controlling body temperature

21
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Secretes hormones
Produces chemicals

22
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Coordinating
muscular activity and balance

23
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

Unconscious activities such as controlling heartbeat, movement of gut and breathing

24
Q

What is the function of the:
Pupil
Cornea
Ciliary muscles
Retina
Blind spot
Optic nerve
Lens
Iris

A

Pupil-Lets in light
Cornea-Protects eye and refracts light
Ciliary muscles-Changes the shape of the lens
Retina-Contains light sensitive cells to detect image
Blind spot-Where the optic nerve needs the retina
Optic nerve-Sends electrical impulses to the brain
Lens-Focuses objects
Iris-Changes the shape of the pupil

25
Q

What is accomodation

A

Focus on near or far objects

26
Q

When focusing on something close, what do the muscles in you eye do

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments relax
The lens thickens

26
Q

What happens in the eye in bright light

A

The pupil constricts
Radial muscles relax
Circular muscles contract

27
Q

What happens in the eye in din light

A

Pupil dilates
Radial muscles contract
Circular muscles relax

28
Q

When focusing on something far away what do the muscles in the eye do

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory muscles contract
Lens becomes thin

29
Q

What is myopia and what lens does it require

A

Short sightedness
Biconcave lens-Brings rays further apartW

30
Q

What is hyperopia and what lens does it require

A

Long sightedness
Biconvex lens-Brings rays closer together

Biology (11 decks)

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