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bio ii > Lecture 3- Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Primary phagocytosis of a cyanobacterium led to the ancestor of today’s mitochondria

A

False; the primary phagocytosis of a cyanobacterium led to the ancestor of red and green algae

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2
Q

What is a mixotroph?

A

Organism capable of autotrophy (photosynthesis) and heterotrophy

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3
Q

________ is the process in which a eukaryote engulfs a living prokaryote like bacteria

A

Primary endosymbiosis

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4
Q

What are plastids?

A

Membrane-bound organelles, like chloroplasts, that result from secondary endosymbiosis

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5
Q

What is the pigment responsible for the color of red algae?

A

Phycoerythrin

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6
Q

________ occurs when a eukaryote engulfs another eukaryote

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

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7
Q

What shared derived trait(s) do all stramenopiles share?

A

Two flagella (one short/smooth and one long with hair-like projections)

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8
Q

True or False: Possessing a mitochondria is a homologous characteristic for the eukarya

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What shared derived trait(s) do all archaeplastida share?

A

Chloroplasts via primary endosymbiosis

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10
Q

True or False: The eukaryotic tree is a polytomy

A

TRUE

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11
Q

An organism is observed to have a protective shell made of calcium or silica. To which eukaryotic supergroup could this organism belong?

A

SAR

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12
Q

Which eukaryotic supergroup is sister to the opisthokonta?

A

Amoebozoa

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13
Q

What shared derived trait(s) do all alveolates share?

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

In which eukaryotic supergroup are red and green algae found?

A

Archaeplastida

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15
Q

What shared derived trait(s) do all opisthokonta share?

A

Genetic similarities

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16
Q

What is the function of alveoli in alveolates?

A

Support plasma membrane

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17
Q

True or False: Nucleariids are sister to fungi and choanoflagellates are sister to animals

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Structure- List key derived traits

A
  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Well developed cytoskeleton: Network of fibers within cell- support, allows for asymmetry, changing shape
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19
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Relationship between 2 species in which 1 lives inside the other, common in evolutionary history (mitochondria, chloroplasts)

20
Q

Serial Endosymbiosis

A

Series of endosymbiotic events

21
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A

Phagocytosis of bacterium by larger cell

22
Q

Describe the first primary endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria (first): Alpha proteobacteria (aerobic) within archaea (anaerobic)

23
Q

Describe later primary endosymbiosis

A

Chloroplasts (later): Cyanobacteria within heterotrophic eukaryote

24
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

Bigger eukaryote (heterotrophic) engulfs smaller eukaryote (autotrophic) -> secondary plastids

25
Q

Plastid

A

General term for chloroplasts and related organelles

26
Q

Chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacteria via ___________ endosymbiosis

A

Primary

27
Q

Secondary plastids were derived from red or green algae (eukaryotes) via ______________ endosymbiosis

A

Secondary

28
Q

Heterotrophic eukaryote with mitochondria engulfs cyanobacteria ->

A

Primary endosymbiosis, leads to green algae (autotrophic eukaryote with chloroplasts)

29
Q

Heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs green algae ->

A

Secondary endosymbiosis, leads to autotrophic eukaryote with secondary plastids

30
Q

Is eukaryotic evolution rapidly changing hypotheses?

A

Yes

31
Q

5 Eukaryotic Supergroups

A

Archaeplastida, SAR, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, Discoba

32
Q

What is included in the 5 eukaryotic supergroups?

A

Protists, plants, fungi, animals

33
Q

Protists (General)

A

“The very first”
Represents the 1st eukaryotic cells, does not include plants, animals, and fungi
Mostly unicellular, complex cellular organization

34
Q

Nutritional Strategies of Protists

A

Photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs

35
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy

36
Q

Ancestral Eukaryotic Traits

A
  • Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Mitochondria from primary endosymbiosis
37
Q

What is the shared derived trait of archaeplastida?

A

Chloroplasts via primary endosymbiosis
- Ancestral archaeplastids participated participated in secondary endosymbiosis

38
Q

ARCHAEPLASTIDA (what is included)

A

Red algae, green algae (chlorophytes, charophytes), land plants (ALL PHOTOSYNTHETIC)

39
Q

Red Algae

A

ARCHAEPLASTIDA
- Primarily multicellular, often highly branched
- Red due to phycoerythrin
- Absorb blue, green light
- Many live very deep
- Usually warm, tropical water

40
Q

Green Algae (Chlorophytes and Charophytes)

A

ARCHAEPLASTIDA
- Closely related to land plants- very similar chloroplasts
- Many forms- unicellular, colonial

2 main groups
Chlorophytes- mostly freshwater
Charophytes- clade that contains plants

41
Q

SAR

A

Grouped based on genetic evidence
Shared derived trait: Secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
Includes 3 major clades: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

42
Q

Stramenopiles

A

SAR
Shared derived traits: Often have flagellum with hair-like projections
Often paired with “smooth” flagellum

3 main groups: (all photosynthetic)
- Diatoms
- Golden algae (TINY)
- Brown algae- multicellular

43
Q

Alveolates

A

SAR
Shared derived trait: Alveoli: Flattened vesicles just inside plasma membrane- support membrane

Several large and important groups:
- Dinoflagellates
- Apicomplexans
- Ciliates

44
Q

Rhizarians

A

SAR
Shared derived trait: Genetic similarities
Often have protective shells of calcium or silica
Radiolarians
Foraminiferans
Cercozoans
Important geologically

45
Q

Amoebozoans

A

Typical “blob” shape
Lobe- or tube- shaped pseudopodia
Slime molds- not fungi
Entamoebas- free-living or parasitic

46
Q

Opisthokonta

A

Diverse group
Includes animals, fungi, several groups of protists

Nucleariids- protists, closely related to fungi
Choanoflagellates- unicellular, closely related to animals

47
Q

Discoba

A

Extremely diverse
Shared derived traits: Crystalline rod in flagella
Some have secondary plastids via green algae- mixotrophic

Trypanosomes and Euglenids

bio ii (28 decks)

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