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Bio II > Lecture 13- Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Endocrine System II Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Endocrine Pathway

A

Endocrine cells respond directly to stimulus
-> Secrete hormone

Hormone travels via bloodstream
-> Interacts with target cells
-> Physiological response

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2
Q

Simple Neuroendocrine Pathway

A

Stimulus received by sensory neuron
Stimulates neurosecretory cells
-> Secrete neurohormones

Travel via bloodstream
-> Interacts with target cells
-> Physiological response

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Key regulatory structure
Part of brain- neuroendocrine
Links nervous and endocrine systems
Connected to pituitary gland by portal vessels

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4
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

Portal vessels

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5
Q

What are the hormones released into pituitary portal vessels?

A

Releasing hormones (RH) & Inhibiting hormones (IH). Directly bathes anterior pituitary (AP). Stimulates or inhibits release of specific hormones from AP.

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6
Q

Where are the releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH) sent from/to?

A

Sent from the hypothalamus, to the anterior pituitary (AP)

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7
Q

What TYPE of hormones are in the posterior pituitary?

A

Posterior Pituitary NEUROHORMONES

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8
Q

What hormones are located in the posterior pituitary? How do they get there/where are they produced?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin are located in the posterior pituitary. They are secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. Axons extend into posterior pituitary (PP). These hormones are then stored in vesicles until needed.

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9
Q

Where are posterior pituitary hormones stored?

A

Stored in vesicles until needed

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10
Q

What are the pituitary hormones in the posterior pituitary? What are their functions?

A

Stores and secretes:
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- Water conservation (kidneys)
2. Oxytocin- milk, contractions, care, bonding

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11
Q

What are Anterior Pituitary hormones controlled by?

A

AP= Endocrine gland- hormones released into blood
Every AP hormone controlled by at least 1 RH (Releasing hormone)
Some also controlled by an IH (Inhibiting hormone)

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12
Q

What is the Hormone Cascade Pathway?

A

Term for sets of hormones from hypothalamus, AP, target endocrine gland, and response in target tissue

Hypothalamus -> AP -> other gland -> target tissue -> response

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13
Q

What are the functions of a healthy thyroid? (at homeostasis)

A

Stimulate cellular metabolism in virtually all cells
Maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone
Regulate digestive, reproductive functions

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14
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone produced in one gland that stimulates another gland to produce its own hormones.
The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) that stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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15
Q

Thyroid hormone drops below normal range- steps

A

Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Stimulates anterior pituitary (AP)
Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, sometimes called thyrotropin)
Stimulates thyroid
Thyroid secretes thyroid hormone

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16
Q

Thyroid Gland (location, what does it secrete)

A

2 lobes, ventral surface of trachea in neck
Secretes 2 hormones (both called thyroid hormone)
Both derived from tyrosine and iodine
T3, 3 iodine
T4, 4 iodine

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17
Q

Is thyroid regulation positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback. When TH is at normal levels, TSH and TRH are suppressed.

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18
Q

Full steps Thyroid regulation

A
  1. Stimulus- low TH
  2. Hypothalamus secretes TRH= thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  3. AP secretes TSH= thyroid stimulating hormone
  4. TSH circulates in body
  5. TSH stimulates thyroid
  6. TH released, circulates
  7. Response

Negative feedback: TH at normal levels -> TSH and TRH suppressed

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19
Q

Hypothyroidism
Symptoms
Causes
Hormones

A

Hypothyroidism- too little thyroid hormone
Symptoms: weight gain and lethargy, slower metabolism, intolerance to cold
Goiter- lump in neck
Can be caused by iodine deficiency
Unable to make T3/T4 (Thyroid hormones)-> levels drop
Anterior pituitary secretes lots of TSH-> thyroid gland grows abnormally (no longer a problem due to iodized salt)

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20
Q

Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms
Causes
Hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism- too much thyroid hormone
Symptoms: high body temp, profuse sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure
Most common- Grave’s disease
Autoimmune
Antibodies bind TSH receptors
-> hyper secretion of thyroid hormone (TSH is constantly released)

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21
Q

Parathyroid

A

4 glands located in connective tissue surrounding thyroid
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Controls blood Ca2+ levels

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22
Q

Purpose of parathyroid hormone

A

Controls blood Ca2+ levels

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23
Q

Low Blood Ca2+

A
  1. Parathyroid responds to stimulus
  2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released
  3. Bone releases Ca2+
  4. Kidneys reabsorb Ca2+
  5. Liver produces vitamin D -> helps absorb Ca2+ from intestines
  6. Raises blood Ca2+
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24
Q

High Blood Ca2+

A

Thyroid secretes calcitonin
In bone- inhibits Ca2+ removal
In kidneys- increases Ca2+ excretion through urine

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25
Q

Calcitonin is _________ to the parathyroid hormone

A

Antagonistic

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26
Q

The parathyroid deals with blood Ca2+ levels only if they are too ________

A

Low

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27
Q

The thyroid deals with blood Ca2+ levels if they are too _______

A

High

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28
Q

Adrenal glands structure + basic function

A

Small glands on top of each kidney
2 parts:
Central- adrenal medulla
Outer- adrenal cortex

Function as distinct glands
Both regulate metabolism, respond to stress

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29
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Neuroendocrine gland
Alarm reaction- fight-or-flight- reaction to short-term stress
Continuously secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine in small amounts

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30
Q

During stress, how is the adrenal medulla activated?

A

Hypothalamus activates adrenal medulla via nerve impulse
Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine, norepinephrine

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31
Q

When the adrenal medulla is activated, what are symptoms of the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?

A

-> More blood to brain, muscles, heart
-> Glycogen breakdown to glucose
-> Increase metabolic rate (up to 100%)
-> Increase O2 delivery- higher heart rate, stroke volume, breathing rate

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32
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Responds to chronic stress
Responds to endocrine signal rather than nervous
Stress-> hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
-> AP releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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33
Q

ACTH (from AP)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids
2 main types
Both steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol
Glucocoticoids and Mineralicorticoids

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34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Promote glucose formation from non-carb sources (e.g. proteins)
Act on skeletal muscle- cause breakdown of muscle proteins
-> Glucose released into blood
Increased blood glucose under stress
Ensures adequate food for stressed cells
High levels- can suppress immune components
-> anti-inflammatory, used to treat arthritis, allergies

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35
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate mineral metabolism
Maintain salt and water balance
Aldosterone- principle mineralocorticoid
Regulates H2O/Na+ balance in blood

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36
Q

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are secreted by the ______________.

A

Adrenal cortex

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37
Q

True or False: The anterior pituitary is a gland, whereas the posterior pituitary is nervous tissue

A

TRUE

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38
Q

______________ is an autoimmune disease that frequently results in hyperthyroidism.

A

Graves disease

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39
Q

________ hormones are hormones that have endocrine glands as their target.

A

Tropic

40
Q

Which hormone is secreted when a person is hypocalcemic?

A

Parathyroid hormone

41
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary via a duct

A

False; the hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary via nervous signals

42
Q

The inside of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal ________.

A

Medulla

43
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the ______.

A

Anterior pituitary

44
Q

What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Regulate calcium levels

45
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the __________.

A

Adrenal medulla (alarm reaction, response to short term stress)

46
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary via the ________.

A

Pituitary portal vein

47
Q

True or False: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are antagonistic to each other

A

TRUE

48
Q

True or False: The anterior pituitary synthesizes its own hormones

A

TRUE

49
Q

Which hormone is secreted when a person is hypercalcemic?

A

Calcitonin (by the thyroid)

50
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)?

A

Water retention in the kidneys (osmotic homeostasis)

51
Q

The outside of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal ________.

A

Cortex

52
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the ___________.

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Stimulates the release of calcium in the body in response to low CA2+ levels. Triple response. Stimulates liver to produce vitamin D to help the intestines absorb calcium from food, inhibits release of calcium from kidneys via urine, releases calcium from bones.

54
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A

Care, milk, contractions, bonding

55
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the _________.

A

Anterior pituitary

56
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland hyposecretes T3/T4 (often the TRH/TSH are bound open)

57
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Reduces blood calcium concentration

58
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) is secreted by the ________.

A

Posterior pituitary

59
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by the ________.

A

Thyroid gland

60
Q
A
61
Q

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are secreted by the _____.

A

Adrenal cortex

62
Q

True or False: The anterior pituitary is a gland, whereas the posterior pituitary is nervous tissue

A

TRUE

63
Q

______ is an autoimmune disease that frequently results in hyperthyroidism.

A

Graves’ disease

64
Q

_____ hormones are hormones that have endocrine glands as their target.

A

Tropic

65
Q

Which hormone is secreted when a person is hypocalcemic?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

66
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary via a duct

A

False; the hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary via nervous signals

67
Q

The inside of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal _____.

A

Medulla

68
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the _____.

A

Anterior pituitary

69
Q

What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Regulate (increase) calcium levels

70
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the _____.

A

Adrenal medulla

71
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary via the ________.

A

Pituitary portal vein

72
Q

True or False: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are antagonistic to each other

A

TRUE

73
Q

True or False: The anterior pituitary synthesizes its own hormones

A

TRUE

74
Q

Which hormone is secreted when a person is hypercalcemic?

A

Calcitonin

75
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin)?

A

Acts on kidneys → triggers water retention (osmotic homeostasis)

76
Q

The outside of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal _____.

A

Cortex

77
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the _____.

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Increase blood calcium concentration by withdrawing calcium from bone / kidneys / liver

79
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A

Milk, care, bonding, contractions

80
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the _____.

A

Anterior pituitary

81
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland hyposecretes T3/T4

82
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Reduces blood calcium concentration

83
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) is secreted by the _____.

A

Posterior pituitary

84
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by the ____.

A

Thyroid gland

85
Q

What is the target of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

Anterior pituitary

86
Q

Tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are secreted by the _____.

A

Thyroid gland

87
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by the _____.

A

Posterior pituitary

88
Q

True or False: Tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are tropic hormones

A

False; they do NOT have endocrine glands as their target

89
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Condition that occurs due to excessive production of T3/T4 by the thyroid gland

90
Q

What is the target of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)?

A

Anterior pituitary

91
Q

True or False: The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus

A

TRUE

92
Q

What is the target of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyroid gland

93
Q

True or False: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a tropic hormone

A

TRUE

94
Q

What type of gland is the adrenal medulla?

A

Neuroendocrine

95
Q

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is secreted by the _____.

A

Hypothalamus

96
Q

True or False: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a tropic hormone

A

TRUE

97
Q

What is the target of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Adrenal cortex

Bio II (28 decks)

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