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Bio II > Lecture 14- Reproduction I > Flashcards

Lecture 14- Reproduction I Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual Reproduction overview

A

Single parent-> 2+ offspring
Identical
Clones
No meiosis
No gamete fusion

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2
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A

Budding
Fission
Fragmentation & regeneration
Parthenogenesis

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3
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

Rapid- many offspring in short time
Don’t need to find a mate (Great if sessile, low population density)

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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction Overview

A

Reproduction involving production and fusion of gametes= crossing
Sperm: Small, motile, flagellated
Egg (ovum): Large, nonmotile, contains nutrients for embryo
Involves fertilization: Fusion of sperm + egg -> zygote (2n)

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5
Q

Sexual Reproduction (explain where n, where 2n)

A

Person (2n) -> meiosis-> n + n -> fertilization -> 2n -> mitosis -> n (embryo)

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6
Q

Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction

A

“Reproductive cost”- Only 1/2 of population can actually reproduce
In Asexual reproduction, females can reproduce but in sexual reproduction, males cannot.

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7
Q

Advantage of Sexual Reproduction

A

Promotes genetic diversity
New combinations of alleles
-> Get rid of harmful alleles or combinations of alleles
-> Offspring may be more fit than parents
-> More likely that some of population can survive environmental changes

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8
Q

2 Functions of Male Reproductive System

A

Produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
Deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

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9
Q

Testes

A

Singular= testis
Male gonads (reproductive organs)
Contains
Seminiferous tubules: Site of spermatogenesis (production of sperm). Long hollow tube, very small diameter.
Leydig cells: Produce testosterone, other male sex hormones. Scattered between seminiferous tubules.

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10
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Site of spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
Long hollow tube, very small diameter
Located in testes

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11
Q

Leydig cells

A

Produce testosterone, other male sex hormones. Scattered between seminiferous tubules.
Located in testes.

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12
Q

Epididymis

A

Located above testes
Coiled tube, several functions
Transport sperm- takes ~3 weeks
Maturation of sperm
Storage of sperm

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13
Q

Scrotum

A

Skin-covered sac, contains testes and epididymis
External- Suspended from groin -> cooler than body temp
Sperm cannot develop at body temp
Temperature affects sperm production, longevity
Outside body in most mammals, few exceptions

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14
Q

Penis (basics)

A

Copulatory organ
Delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
Urethra down middle of penis

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15
Q

Penis Anatomy

A

Erectile tissue: 3 parallel columns of tissue
During sexual stimulation- NO released -> smooth muscle relaxes -> more blood flow
-> tissue swells, veins compressed
-> blood enters faster than it leaves- hydrostatic skeleton
Glans: Tip of penis, contains most sensory nerves
Prepuce (foreskin): Cuff of loose-fitting skin, often removed

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16
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

In a pair
Produce fluid rich in:
Fructose- Energy for sperm after ejaculation
Prostaglandins- stimulate contractions of uterus
~ 60% of semen volume- has yellow pigment
Fluoresces- forensically important

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17
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate (nutrient)
Secretes into urethra
Common site of cancer in men over 50
1/2 of men over 40 have enlarged prostate
3% of men die of prostate cancer

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18
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A

2 small round glands on either side of urethra
1st gland to secrete into urethra during arousal (Bulbourethral fluid)
Mucus- neutralizes any acidic urine
Some sperm released before ejaculation

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19
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands that sperm mixes with to become semen?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

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20
Q

Semen

A

Mixture of sperm and fluids from accessory glands
Sperm moves through conducting tubes
-> Mixed with secretions from the 3 accessory glands
-> Semen

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21
Q

Sperm Path

A
  1. Created in testes (spermatogenesis)
  2. Travels through/stored in epididymis (site of growth + maturation)
  3. Travels through vas deferens- sperm ducts (1 from each epididymis)
  4. Vas deferens extends from scrotum to pelvic cavity
  5. Ejaculatory duct: Passes through prostate gland, joins urethra
  6. Urethra: Carries urine and semen through penis

So
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Exit

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of mature sperm cells
Takes 7 weeks, occurs continuously

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23
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A

Primordial germ cells divide, differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells.
Spermatogonial stem cells divide via mitosis and form spermatogonia. Spermatogonia are undifferentiated cells in walls of seminiferous tubules. Supply of spermatogonia is maintained via mitotic divisions. Some become primary spermatocytes (2n). Primary spermatocytes divide via meiosis. After meiosis 1, they are secondary spermatocytes (n). After meiosis 2, they are spermatids (n). Then they differentiate into mature sperm cells (n).

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24
Q

3 parts of mature sperm cell

A

Head, mid piece, tail
Tail is plasma membrane
Head has nucleus and acrosome
Midpiece has mitochondria

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25
Q

Androgens

A

Principle sex hormone in males
Testosterone most important

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26
Q

Signaling Pathway Male Endocrinology

A

Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-> Anterior pituitary releases 2 gonadotropins- luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone

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27
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Released by anterior pituitary
Targets Leydig cells
-> Leydig cells produce/secrete testosterone, other androgens

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28
Q

Purpose of testosterone in testes

A

High levels of testosterone in testes required for spermatogenesis
15-200 million sperm/mL semen- healthy
Less than 15 million/mL- low sperm count

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29
Q

What does testosterone stimulate?

A

Puberty

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30
Q

Puberty

A

Period of sexual maturation
Adolescent growth spurt
Growth of primary male sex characteristics- sex organs
Growth of secondary male sex characteristics- physical, behavioral differences between males & females, not directly related to reproduction. Facial/body hair, deep voice, muscle development.

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31
Q

Difference between primary and secondary male sex characteristics

A

Primary male sex characteristics- sex organs
Secondary male sex characteristics- physical, behavioral differences. Facial/body hair, deep voice, muscle development.

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32
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary
Stimulates development of seminiferous tubules
Stimulates Sertoli cells to produce, secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)
ABP binds testosterone, helps maintain high testosterone levels, allows testosterone to be sequestered
FSH secretion inhibited by inhibin- peptide hormone secreted by Sertoli cells

This creates a negative feedback loop. The FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce and secrete androgen binding protein, but Sertoli cells secrete inhibin (peptide hormone) that will eventually stop FSH secretion.

33
Q

_____ is a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by sperm. In animals, _____ means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell.

A

Parthenogenesis

34
Q

Inhibin and androgen binding protein (ABP) are secreted by the _____.

A

Sertoli cells

35
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

No mate needed / Fast

36
Q

What are the three types of cells found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatocytes / Sertoli cells / Leydig cells

37
Q

A(n) _____ is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics.

A

Androgen

38
Q

The prostate gland secretes ____ and ____ into seminal fluid (semen) in the urethra.

A

Anticoagulant enzymes / Citrate (nutrient)

39
Q

____ is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth due to cell division at one particular site.

A

Budding

40
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Seminiferous tubules in the testicles

41
Q

What is the main function of the male reproductive system?

A

Synthesize and deliver sperm

42
Q

What do spermatogonia produce when they undergo mitosis?

A

One primary spermatocyte (2n) & one replacement spermatogonia cell

43
Q

_____ is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.

A

Fission

44
Q

What are the main functions of testosterone?

A

Facilitates spermatogenesis / Triggers puberty / Secondary sex characteristics

45
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands add to seminal fluid?

A

Mucus (which neutralizes the acid in the vagina and residual urine in the urethra) - first gland to secrete during arousal

46
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testes

47
Q

How does the anterior pituitary respond to a rise in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH)

48
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Seminiferous tubules

49
Q

Which part of a sperm cell contains enzymes?

A

Acrosome

50
Q

_____ is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism splits into pieces and each piece develops into a mature clone genetically and morphologically identical to its parent.

A

Fragmentation

51
Q

Is nitric oxide (NO) an endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine signal?

A

Paracrine

52
Q

What is the function of primary spermatocytes?

A

Primary spermatocytes (2n) undergo meiosis in the seminiferous tubules to become secondary spermatocytes (n)

53
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Leydig cells

54
Q

True or False: Primary spermatocytes undergo mitosis to form secondary spermatocytes

A

False; primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS to form 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

55
Q

What is/are the advantage(s) of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic variation

56
Q

_____ is released by endothelial cells during sexual stimulation and causes arterial wall smooth muscle to relax, which dilates arteries and compresses veins.

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

57
Q

The _____ is a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive system.

A

Epididymis

58
Q

The seminal vesicles secrete into the _____.

A

Vas deferens

59
Q

True or False: Both sperm and eggs are motile

A

False; ONLY sperm is motile (flagellated)

60
Q

Is prostaglandin an endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine signal?

A

Paracrine

61
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Keeps sperm 1-2 degrees celsius cooler than internal body temperature - increases sperm longevity

62
Q

How is ploidy restored to diploid if meiosis creates haploid cells?

A

Fertilization

63
Q

Why do sperm cells carry enzymes?

A

To break down the outer membrane of the ovum

64
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A

Sperm maturation/storage/transport

65
Q

Testosterone inhibits the production of _____ and _____.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

66
Q

The _____ are a pair of two convoluted tubular glands that lie behind the urinary bladder and secrete yellow fluorescent fluid that composes ~60% of semen volume.

A

Seminal vesicles

67
Q

How does the brain respond to low levels of testosterone?

A

Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to anterior pituitary

68
Q

What is the primary function of the penis?

A

Deliver sperm to female reproductive system

69
Q

Where are mitochondria stored in a sperm cell?

A

Midpiece

70
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do in males?

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and ABP

71
Q

Sperm and urine travel through the _____, which runs through the middle of the penis.

A

Urethra

72
Q

In the embryonic testes, _______ divide and differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells (2n).

A

Primordial germ cells (2n)

73
Q

_____ inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production.

A

Inhibin

74
Q

What is erectile tissue and what is its function?

A

3 parallel columns in penis - engorge with blood during erection

75
Q

Secondary spermatocytes (n) undergo _____ to form _____.

A

Meiosis 2 to form 4 spermatids (n)

76
Q

What are the two external structures of the penis near the tip?

A

Glans / Prepuce (foreskin)

77
Q

What is contained in the fluid secreted by seminal vesicles?

A

Fructose (for energy) / Prostaglandins (lipids that stimulate uterine contraction)

78
Q

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in males?

A

Causes Leydig cells to produce testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis

Bio II (28 decks)

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