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ANAT 316 > Nose/sinus + pharynx/larynx > Flashcards

Nose/sinus + pharynx/larynx Flashcards

1
Q

the nasal cavity

A

can be divided into a left and a right side
- midline and lateral walls
- floor and roof

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2
Q

functions of the nasal cavity

A
  1. humidify, warm and filter the air
  2. facilitate drainage of the paranasal sinuses
  3. secrete mucus
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3
Q

external nose

A
  • projects outwards allowing air to enter the nasal cavity
  • it is made up of bone and cartilage
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4
Q

bones in the nasal cavity

A
  • frontal bone
  • nasal bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • maxillary bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • vomer bone
  • palatine bone
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5
Q

medial wall

A

nasal septum
- wall made up of a bony portion and a cartilaginous portion

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6
Q

what is the medial wall made of

A
  • ethmoid bone
  • septal cartilage
  • vomer bone
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7
Q

what is the lateral wall called

A

conchae and meatuses

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8
Q

what makes the lateral wall

A
  • superior nasal concha
  • middle nasal concha
  • inferior nasal concha
  • superior nasal meatus
  • middle nasal meatus
  • inferior nasal meatus
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9
Q

nasal conchae

A
  • the superior and middle nasal conchae are processes of the ethmoid bone
  • the interior nasal concha is formed by its own cranial bone
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10
Q

functions of nasal conchae

A
  • increase surface area in the nasal cavity
  • humidify air
  • filter air
  • warm up the air
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11
Q

nose cavity borders: roof

A
  • cribriform plate
  • nasal bone
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • ethmoid bone
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12
Q

borders the ethmoid bone makes

A

middle nasal conchae–> lateral wall
perpendicular plate–> nasal septum (medial wall)
cribriform plate–> roof

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13
Q

nose cavity borders: palate

A
  • palatine bone
  • maxillary bone
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14
Q

what is the external nose made of

A
  • bony
  • cartilaginous
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15
Q

cartilage of external nose

A
  1. lateral nasal cartilage
  2. major alar cartilage
  3. minor alar cartilage
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16
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • are cavities (air pockets) found in the skull
  • lined with respiratory mucosa and secrete mucous
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17
Q

what bones have paranasal cavities

A
  • ethmoid
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • sphenoid
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18
Q

function of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. lighten the weight of the skull
  2. humidity/heat/filter inspired air
  3. secrete mucus
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19
Q

what does the nasal meatuses receive

A

drainage from the paranasal sinuses

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20
Q

what does the superior meatus drain

A

the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses

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20
Q

what does the middle meatus drain

A

the frontal, anterior ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses

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20
Q

where does the nasal cavity extend to

A

to the nasopharynx where the mucus will then be swallowed

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21
Q

what is the largest paranasal sinus

A

maxillary sinus

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22
Q

what is the innervation of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • V1: ophthalmic
  • V2: maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve CNV
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23
Q

which of the following is true
1. the nasal septum is made up of the ethmoid bone, the septal cartilage and the inferior nasal concha
2. the middle nasal concha is a process of the inferior concha
3. the floor of the nasal cavity is made up of the palatine bone and the maxillary bone
4. the nasal sinus secrete saliva

A

3

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24
Q

muscles of facial expression

A
  • originate from facial bones or adjacent muscles
  • insert into the skin
  • superficial (subcutaneous) muscles
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25
Q

how are muscles of expression innervated

A

by CN VII

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26
Q

functions of muscles of facial expression

A
  1. acts as sphincters and dilators
  2. alter facial expressions
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27
Q

frontalis

A
  • epicardial group (occipitofrontal)
  • action: draws the scalp back, raising the eyebrows
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27
Q

orbicularis oculi

A
  • orbital group
    1. orbital part : tightly closing eye (winking)
    2. palpebral part : loosely closing eye (blinking)
    3. lacrimal part: compresses lacrimal sac (tears)
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28
Q

corrugator supercilii

A
  • orbital groups
  • draw the eyebrows together medially and inferiorly (frowning)
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29
Q

orbicularis oris

A
  • oral group
  • action: purses and protrudes lips
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30
Q

zygomaticus

A
  • oral group
  • pull corners of the mouth up and drawing it laterally
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31
Q

buccinator

A

oral group
- pull the cheeks inward against the teeth

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32
Q

platysma

A
  • neck group
  • action: pull corners of the mouth down
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33
Q

CN VII- intracrinial pathway

A
  1. originates from the brainstem
  2. internal acoustic meatus
  3. facial canal
  4. medial wall of the middle ear
  5. stylomastoid foramen
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34
Q

facial nerve- innervation

A

temporal branches
zygomatic branches
buccal branches
cervical branches

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35
Q

temporal branches

A
  • orbicularis oculi (upper half)
  • corrugator supercilii
  • frontalis
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36
Q

zygomatic branches

A

orbicularis oculi (lower half)

37
Q

buccal branches

A

orbicularis oris, zygomaticus and buccinator

38
Q

cervical branches

A

platysma

39
Q

functions of pharynx

A
  • shared passageway for both air and food
  • provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
  • houses the tonsils, which serve immunological functions
40
Q

anatomy of the pharynx

A
  • oral cavity
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • hypoid bone
  • vertebral bodies
  • larynx
  • esophagus
41
Q

divisons

A

nasopharynx
- superior portion
oropharynx
- middle portion
laryngopharynx
- inferior portion

42
Q

borders nasopharynx

A

superior: choanae
posterior: vertebral bodies
anterior/inferior: soft palate and oropharynx

43
Q

features of the nasopharynx

A
  • soft palate
  • openings to Eustachian tube
  • adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
44
Q

soft palate

A

forms the posterior roof of mouth
- arch shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx

45
Q

soft palate: swallowing

A
  • contacts to close the nasopharynx when swallowing
46
Q

eustachian tube

A
  • auditory tube
  • a narrow passage between the nasopharynx and middle ear
  • allows air exchange to equalize pressure between these areas
47
Q

adenoid

A

patch of lymphoid tissue on the superior posterior wall
- typically atrophies and shrinks significantly by adulthood

48
Q

borders of oropharynx

A

superior: nasopharynx
inferior: laryngopharynx
posterior: vertebral bodies
anterior: throat/oral cavity

49
Q

features of the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils

50
Q

oropharngeal tonsils

A
  • patches of lymphoid tissue (lingual tonsils, palatine tonsils)
51
Q

laryngopharynx borders

A

superior: oropharynx
posterior: vertebral bodies
inferior: larynx and esophagus

52
Q

key features of laryngopharynx

A
  • laryngeal inlet
  • piriform fossae
53
Q

laryngeal inlet

A

entrance to the larynx

54
Q

piriform fossae

A
  • groove on either side of the laryngeal inlet
55
Q

pharynx epithelium

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
56
Q

pharyngeal muscles: outer circular layer

A
  • superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
57
Q

superior constrictor

A
  • surrounds the oropharynx
  • constricts the upper portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
58
Q

middle constrictor

A
  • surrounds the laryngopharynx
  • constricts the middle portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
59
Q

inferior constrictor

A
  • surrounds the laryngopharynx
  • constricts the lower portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
  • forms the upper esophageal sphincter
60
Q

attachment of the pharyngeal muscles

A

occipital bone: superior constrictor
pharyngeal raphe: superior, middle and inferior

61
Q

innervation of the pharyngeal muscles

A

motor: vagus nerve (CN X)
sensory: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

62
Q

larynx

A
  • short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
  • anterior to C4-C7
63
Q

function of the larynx

A
  • valve to close the trachea
  • voice production (via vocal cords)
64
Q

structure of larynx

A

consists of a cartilage structure:
- epiglottis
- thyroid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage (pairs)
- cricoid cartilage

65
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • largest cartilage of the larynx
  • form upper and anterior walls
  • two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
66
Q

function of thyroid cartilage

A

protect and support the vocal cords

67
Q

epiglottis

A
  • leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage
  • covered with epithelium
  • “stalk” is attached to thyroid cartilage
  • “leaf” is unattached
68
Q

function of epiglottis

A

closes off larynx during swallowing
(forms a lid over the opening to the larnyx)

69
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • ring of hyaline cartilage
  • forms inferior wall of larynx
70
Q

function of cricoid cartilage

A
  • maintains airway opening
    (landmark for making an emergency airway)
71
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
  • sit on the cricoid cartilage
72
Q

function of arytenoid cartilage

A
  • influence movement (tension and relaxation) of vocal folds
73
Q

extrinsic laryngeal ligaments

A

attach larynx to external structures
- thyroid membrane: medial thyroid and lateral thyroid ligaments
- cricotracheal ligament

74
Q

intrinsic laryngeal ligaments

A

attach cartilages of the larynx
- cricothyroid ligament

75
Q

true and false vocal cords

A
  • the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds:
    superior: ventricular folds
  • false; vocal cords
  • protect the vocal cords

inferior: vocal folds
- true; vocal cords
- principal structure of voice production

76
Q

cavity of the larynx

A

vestibule
glottis
rima glottidis
infraglottic cavity
trachea

77
Q

vestibule

A

from inlet to vestibular folds

78
Q

glottis

A

from vestibular folds to vocal folds

79
Q

rima glottidis

A

gap between vocal folds
- opening to infraglottic cavity

80
Q

infraglottic cavity (space)

A

below vocal cords

81
Q

action of vocal cords

A

intrinsic laryngeal muscles attach to cartilages and vocal folds
during respiration: abduct/open
- allows the passage of air

during swallowing: adduct/close
- to prevent food/liquid from entering

during phonation: adduct and alter tension of vocal cords

82
Q

vocal response

A

the larynx and pharynx are resonating chambers for speech
- reverberation of sounds waves from the vibrating vocal folds

83
Q

laryngeal muscles

A

intrinsic laryngeal muscles act on individual components of the larynx
- control the shape of the rima glottidis
- control length and tension of the vocal folds
cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid
posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse and oblique arytenoid

84
Q

cricothyroid functions

A

stretches and tenses the vocal ligament
- known as the “singers muscle” as it alters tone of voice

85
Q

thyroarytenoid

A

relax the vocal ligament

86
Q

posterior & lateral cricoarytenoid function

A

posterior: sole abductor of the vocal folds
- widens the rima glottidis
lateral: major adductor of the vocal folds
- narrows the rima glottidis

87
Q

transverse and oblique arytenoid function

A
  • adduct the arytenoid cartilage
  • narrows the rima glottidis to modulate tone and volume of speech
88
Q

innervation of the larynx

A

superior laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve

89
Q

superior laryngeal nerve

A

internal laryngeal n.–> sensory–> above vocal cord
external laryngeal n.–> motor–> cricothyroid

90
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

sensory–> below vocal cords
motor–> all except cricothyroid

91
Q

what might be the result of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
1. the cricothryoid muscles is still functional, and the arytenoids are fully active
2. the cricothyroid muscle is still functional, but the arytenoids are weak
3. the cricothyroid muscle is paralyzed, but the arytenoids are fully active
4. the cricothyroid muscle is paralyzed, and the arytenoids are weak

A

2.

92
Q
A

ANAT 316 (17 decks)

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