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MICR 262 > (LE1) Scope and History of Microbiology > Flashcards

(LE1) Scope and History of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different organism types?

A
  • fungi
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protozoans
  • helminths (certain stages)
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2
Q

What are the defining traits of bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotic organism
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane-bound organelles
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3
Q

How are viruses intracellular parasites?

A

They need to be inside cells to live (divide, make protein, etc.)

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4
Q

Define protozoans

A
  • mostly unicellular, eukaryotic
  • “animal-like” meaning motile
  • most are harmless; few are pathogenic
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5
Q

Describe fungi

A
  • eukaryotic
  • most are harmless (beneficial)
  • Saprobes: eat decaying matter
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6
Q

What kind of fungi are yeast?

A

unicellular

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7
Q

What kind of fungi are molds and mushrooms?

A

multicellular

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8
Q

Describe helminths

A
  • multicellular eukaryote
  • Eggs and sometimes larvae are microscopic
  • adults are not
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9
Q

Describe Ebola

A
  • largest known virus
  • hemorrhagic
  • contagious seven days after patient passes
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10
Q

An example of a bacteria with a symbiotic relation to humans and our normal flora. What are the outcomes?

A

Escherichia coli
- breaks down certain foods (cellulose)
- produces gas
- produces vitamin K
- microbial competition for resources

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11
Q

What are saprobes? What microbes are saprobes?

A

Organisms that aid in decomposition and facilitate the nutrient cycling of Carbon and Nitrogen
- fungi
- bacteria
- protozoans

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12
Q

What is bioremediation? Name some examples

A

Using microbes to clean up waste and toxins

  • sewage treatment plants
  • Oleophiles: eat oil
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13
Q

What are examples of humans harnessing the power of microbes?

A

Penicillin
- insulin (recombination techniques: put human DNA into bacteria)

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14
Q

What is Robert Hooke’s significance?

A
  • first to look at cells using a compound microscope
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15
Q

What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s significance?

A

first to look at living cells, “animalcules”
- led to cell theory: all living things made of cells and came from pre-existing cells

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16
Q

Spontaneous generation vs. Biogenesis

A

SG: life comes from non-life (theory)
BG: life comes from life

17
Q

What was Redi’s significance?

A

did the fly experiment to try and prove biogenesis

18
Q

What was Needham’s significance?

A

Boiled broth and left in open flask to try and prove spontaneous generation

19
Q

What was Spallanzani’s significance?

A

Did the same experiment as Needham but corked the flask to prevent microbes from growing, proving biogenesis

20
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s significance regarding biogenesis?

A

Used an S-neck flask to recreate Needham’s original experiment to allow oxygen in the flask. Disproved spontaneous generation

21
Q

What were Pasteur’s other achievements?

A

Pasteurization: killing microbes with low heat

Vaccine development
- Cholera: used attenuated (weakened) strain
- Rabies: used a killed pathogen from rabbit spinal cord

22
Q

What is the premise of Germ Theory? Who is credited for it?

A

microbes are the cause of human disease

Ignaz Semmelweis

23
Q

Florence Nightingale significance

A

First to enact hygiene in clinical care.

24
Q

Joseph Lister significance

A

Developed aseptic surgical techniques
- used carbolic acid to clean air prior to surgery

25
Q

Robert Koch’s significance to germ theory

A
  • proved bacterium B. anthracis caused anthrax
  • first to use agar
26
Q

What is Koch’s postulate?

A

Four stipulations to prove pathogen causes disease

27
Q

What is John Snow’s significance?

A

Credited with the birth of Epidemiology
- Cholera epidemic in London (Broad St pump)

28
Q

Edward Jenner significance

A

First modern vaccine: Smallpox
- Discovered from milkmaid and cowpox

29
Q

What is variolation? Who is well-known for utilizing it?

A

Infect people with milder forms of a disease.

  • Lady Mary Wortley Montagu variolated her children against Smallpox
30
Q

Paul Ehrlich significance

A

“magic bullet”
- Salvarsan (sulfa): chemical that kills pathogen w/o killing host

31
Q

Alexander Flemming significance

A

Discovered Penicillin from Penicillium notatum

32
Q

What are some targets for the magic bullet?

A

Bacteria: cell wall, different ribosomes, etc.
Fungi: ergosterol in cell membrane
Viruses: varies (ex/ HIV: reverse transcriptase)
Protozoans and helminths: specific enzymes

33
Q

What is Metchnikoff’s significance to immunology?

A

First to see phagocytosis

34
Q

What is Dmitry Iwanowski’s significance to virology?

A

First to discover viruses

35
Q

What are the three domains for organism classification?

A

Eukarya: all eukaryotes
Bacteria: Prokaryotes
Archaea: Prokaryotes and extremophiles

MICR 262 (30 decks)

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