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MICR 262 > (LE4) Viral Pathogens > Flashcards

(LE4) Viral Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Chickenpox

Virus: Varicella-Zoster Virus

MOT: Droplet

S/S: Respiratory Sx, fever, pustules

Tx: VZV vaccine

ETC: Stays latent in dorsal root ganglion. Can cause shingles. Sx of shingles is a localized, striped, painful rash. Tx is anti-virals e.g., Acyclovir

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2
Q

Why is aspirin contraindicated for treatment of fever in children?

A

Can cause Reye’s syndrome -> encephalitis

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3
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Oral Herpes (HSV-1)

Genital Herpes (HSV-2)
- STI

MOT: body fluid transmission from open lesions

S/S: Open lesions on mouth or genitals

Tx: anti-virals e.g. Acyclovir

ETC: Latency in nerves (facial or genital)

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4
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Mononucleosis

Virus: Epstein-Barr Virus (herpes family)

MOT: droplets and fomites

S/S: - peds: mild, cold-like Sx
- Teens/adults: chronic cold-like Sx (severe, several months)

Tx: none

ETC: associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma in areas with endemic malaria

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5
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Measles

Virus: Rubeola

MOT: Droplet and airborne transmission

S/S: cold like Sx, high fever, non-pustulent rash along trunk, Koplik’s spots

Tx: MMR vaccine (live attenuated)

ETC: amongst most contagious disease. Req >90% herd immunity

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6
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Rubella (German measles)

Virus: Rubella

MOT: Droplet

S/S: rash, mild fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue. Usually sub-clinical

Tx: MMR vaccine

ETC: - Congenital rubella syndrome: virus crosses placenta and causes cognitive impairment to the fetus (deaf, blind, miscarriage)

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7
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Poliomyelitis

Virus: Polio Virus

MOT: fecal-oral transmission (contaminated water)

S/S: Most: Digestive infection
Some: paralytic polio. flaccid paralysis is common in school-aged children. can lead to life-long paralysis

Tx: IPV (Salk), OPV (Sabin)

ETC: epidemic in US 1950’s/1960’s

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8
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Rabies

Virus: Rabies Virus

MOT: animal bites in animal saliva

S/S: High fever, encephalitis, death, Hydrophobia, frothing

Tx: post-exposure rabies vaccine, Milwaukee protocol (25% success rate)

ETC: - grows in sensory nerves and travels to CNS (incubation time varies)
- Near 100% fatality after S/S

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9
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Arboviral Encephalitis (West Nile)

Virus: Arbovirus

MOT: Vector-borne: Culex mosquitos (Dusk and night activity in summer months)

S/S: subclinical. can lead to encephalitis in geriatric or immunocompromised, confusion, coma, rarely death

Tx: none

ETC: Reservoir: birds (jays, crows, robins)

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10
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Yellow Fever

Virus: Yellow Fever virus

MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (Daytime active, tropical areas)

S/S: High fever, liver damage, jaundice, Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

Tx: Yellow fever vaccine, Blood transfusion for DIC

ETC: 10-30% fatality rate

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11
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Dengue fever
Virus: Dengue virus

MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (Daytime active, tropical areas)

S/S: -1st exposure: mild, subclinical fever, rash, joint pain
- 2nd exposure: DIC

Tx: Vaccine after 1st exposure

ETC: “bone break fever”

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12
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Hantavirus disease

Virus: Hantavirus

MOT: Airborne/vehicle transmission in mouse waste (feces and urine) Not contagious b/w people

S/S: Pneumonia, organ failure, death, rarely DIC

Tx: none

ETC: - High fatality rate
- US outbreaks: 1983: four corners region, 2012: Yosemite

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13
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Ebola Virus Disease

Virus: Ebola virus

MOT: direct contact w/ contaminated fluids. Infectious 7 days after death

S/S: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhaging 2-21 days after exposure (can lead DIC)

Tx: supportive care, passive antibodies

ETC: possible zoonosis (bats or primates)

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14
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Chikungunya or Zika virus disease

Virus: Chikungunya or Zika virus

MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (mostly tropical areas)

S/S: mild subclinical, fever, rash, joint pain

ETC: Zika-> increased risk of birth defects if contracted during pregnancy

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15
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Common cold

Virus: >200 kinds. Commonly Rhinovirus and coronavirus

MOT: Droplet and fomite transmission

S/S: URI (runny nose, post nasal drip, headache, sore throat), no fever

Tx: None

ETC: endemic

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16
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: SARS, MERS

Virus: Coronavirus

MOT: Droplet transmission

S/S: flu-like Sx

Tx: supportive care

ETC: Zoonosis: civet?

17
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Covid-19

Virus: SARS-CoV-2

MOT: Droplet, fomite transmission

S/S: Flu-like, dyspnea

Tx: OTC meds, antivirals (Molnupiravir, Paxlovid), supportive care, respirator, Vaccines

ETC: endemic

18
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Influenza

Virus: Influenza A - more severe, epidemics, spreads every year
Influenza B - milder, localized outbreaks

MOT: Droplet and fomite transmission

S/S: sore throat, cough, fever, body aches, fatigue

Tx: Flu vaccine (3-4 strains), treat Sx

ETC: Reservoir: humans H3:N2, poultry H5:N1, and pigs H1:N1

19
Q

What two spike proteins do Influenza viruses have?

A

Hemagglutin - attachment

Neuraminidase - mucus penetration

20
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Small changes in protein -> fools immune system
Causes seasonal flu

21
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Large changes in protein -> changes virulence
Causes epidemics/pandemics

22
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Viral gastroenteritis

Virus: Rotavirus and Noravirus

MOT: Oral-fecal transmission

S/S: Acute, severe diarrhea and nausea. fatal dehydration in infants

Tx: symptom management, Rotavirus vaccine

ETC: commonly spread on cruise ships

23
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Hepatitis A

Virus: Hepatitis A

MOT: Oral-fecal transmission waterborne (food w/ contaminated water)

S/S: Fever, aches, fatigue, jaundice

Tx: Usually self-resolving, Vaccine (for travel outside US)

24
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Hepatitis B

Virus: Hepatitis B

MOT: STD or needle sharing, blood transfusion

S/S: Acute: fever, aches, fatigue, jaundice. within 1-2 weeks of infection, resolves
Chronic (~10%): persists in liver and kills liver. Scar tissue -> cirrhosis -> liver failure or liver cancer

Tx: Vaccine

ETC: chronic form can be fatal or require liver transplant

25
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: Hepatitis C

Virus: Hepatitis C

MOT: Blood transfusion or needle sharing (IV drug use, Tattoos (prison system)

S/S: Milder acute phase than HepB: subclinical, no jaundice
Chronic: ~50%. liver problems, cirrhosis, liver cancer. fatal or liver transplant

Tx: No vaccine, curable but very expensive

26
Q

What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts

A

Disease: AIDS

Virus: HIV

MOT: Body fluids in unprotected sex, STD, blood, breast milk

S/S: enables opportunistic infections, thrush, Kaposi’s Sarcoma (BV cancer, extremely rare w/o HIV)

Tx: RT inhibitors, protease inhibitors, AZT, HAART PrEP. No vaccine

ETC: HIV (+) detectable, HIV (-) not detectable -> not contagious. Does not cross placenta

27
Q

What opportunistic infections are common with AIDS?

A
  • TB: number 1 cause of death in Africa
  • Pneumocystis: pneumonia (PCP)
  • Cryptosporidium: chronic wasting disease
  • Candida albicans: thrush
  • herpes infection
28
Q

What three main drugs inhibit HIV?

A

RT inhibitor: Competitive
RT inhibitor: allosteric
Protease inhibitor

29
Q

What is HAART?

A

Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy
- combination of 2-3 drugs with different modes of actions

30
Q

What is PrEP?

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis

31
Q

Describe the structure of the HIV virus

A
32
Q

Describe the replication steps of HIV

A
33
Q

What happens in the maturation step of HIV replication?

A
34
Q

What does disease progression of HIV without treatment look like?

A
35
Q

What does disease progression of HIV with treatment look like?

A

MICR 262 (30 decks)

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