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micr 262 > (LE1) Chemistry > Flashcards

(LE1) Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What does the top number represent?

A

Atomic number: number of protons

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2
Q

What does the bottom number represent?

A

Atomic mass: number of protons + number of neutrons

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Same element with different atomic mass. Different number of neutrons

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4
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outer shell

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5
Q

How many electrons are in an uncharged atom?

A

The amount is equal to the number of protons

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6
Q

How is charge determined?

A

by an unequal number of electrons to protons

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7
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

donate/accept electrons
- strong bonds

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8
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

share pairs of electrons
- strongest type of bond

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9
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

Uneven sharing of electrons results in partial negative in one molecule attracted to partial positive in another molecule
- very weak bond. Electrons aren’t donated/accepted or shared

ex/ H2O molecules

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10
Q

What do acids dissociate into? Name an example

A

Dissociates into H+ and anions
Ex/ HCl -> H+ Cl-

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11
Q

What do bases dissociate into? Name an example

A

Dissociates into OH- (hydroxide) and cations
Ex/ NaOH -> Na+ OH-

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12
Q

What do salts dissociate into? Name an example

A

Cation and anion together. Does not dissociate into H+ or OH-
Ex/ NaCl -> Na+ Cl-

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13
Q

What is the relation of the pH scale to [H+]

A

Inversely proportional to H+ content
Each value is 10x different

Ex/ pH 7 is 100x less acidic than pH 5

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14
Q

What are buffers?

A

prevent large pH fluctuations
ex/ PBS - phosphate buffered saline

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15
Q

Name this functional group

A

Hydroxyl group

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16
Q

Name this functional group

A

Carbonyl group

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17
Q

Name this functional group

A

Carboxyl group

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18
Q

Name this functional group

A

Amino group

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19
Q

Name this functional group

A

Phosphate group

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20
Q

Explain what is occurring in this image. What is the specific name? What kind of bond is formed?

A

Dehydration synthesis to join monomers to make a polymer
- releases a water molecule in the process

This image is specifically Glycosidic linkage
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Covalent bond

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21
Q

Explain what is occurring in this image

A

Hydrolysis to break polymers into monomers
- requires a water molecule in the process

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22
Q

Draw an amino acid molecule

A
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23
Q

Draw a glucose molecule

A
24
Q

What kind of reaction is occurring?

A

Peptide bond between two amino acids

25
Q

What is the formula for carbohydrate molecules? Write an example

A

CH2O
Ex/ C6H12O6 = Glucose

26
Q

What are monosaccharides? Give examples

A

Simple sugar

5C Pentose - ribose sugar
6C hexose - glucose

27
Q

What are disaccharides? Give an example

A

Two monomer sugar (small polymer)
ex/ glucose + fructose = sucrose

28
Q

What are polysaccharides? Give examples

A

Complex sugars (long polymer)

Glycogen - glucose
Cellulose - glucose

29
Q

What are lipid molecules composed of?

A

C, H, and O (not CH2O formula)
Mostly non-polar

30
Q

What are the three classes of lipids?

A

Triglycerides - fats
Phospholipids - membrane lipids
Sterols - cholesterol and steroids

31
Q

What are triglycerides composed of? What are two types of triglycerides?

A

Glycerol (3C) + 3 fatty acid chains

Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids

32
Q

What is pictured? Describe its characteristics

A

Saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds
- straight C-H skeleton
- Solid at room temp

33
Q

What is pictured? Describe its characteristics

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid
- at least one double bond
- creates a kinked C-H skeleton
- liquid at room temp

34
Q

What kind of bond is used to form triglycerides?

A

Ester linkage; it is a covalent bond

35
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Found in plasma membrane of animals; maintains fluidity of membrane

35
Q

What is shown in the image?

A

Phospholipid
- contains a charged head and uncharged tail
- tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic

35
Q

What is the fungi equivalent of cholesterol?

A

Ergosterol; target for “magic bullet”

36
Q

What are some steroid functions in plants and animals?

A

Act as hormones
ex/ testosterone and estrogen

37
Q

What atoms makeup protein molecules?

A

C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

38
Q

Name some cellular functions of protein

A

Enzymes, membrane channels/receptors, structures, hormones, immunity, etc.

39
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

40
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

mirror images of amino acids

41
Q

What determines the shape of a protein molecule? What are the different types?

A

R-group
- polar/non-polar
- charged/uncharged

42
Q

Describe animal vs bacteria Amino Acids (aa). What is the significance?

A

They are stereoisomers: L-aa in animals vs D-aa in bacterial cell walls
- D-aa can be used as a target for magic bullet

43
Q

What levels of protein structure are there?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

44
Q

What structure level is this? What kind?

A

Primary Structure: polypeptide chain

45
Q

What kinds of secondary structures are there? What kind of bond is used?

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
- both hydrogen bonds

46
Q

What are tertiary structures? What determines the structure? What are its functions?

A

Complex 3-D folds
- R-group determines structure
- function depends on shape/structure

47
Q

What are quaternary structures? What is an example?

A

Multiple polypeptides form large multiunit proteins (not found in all proteins)
ex/ immunoglobulins

48
Q

What are nucleic acid polymers made of?

A

Nucleic acid monomers:
- phosphate group
- Ribose or Deoxyribose sugar
- Nitrogenous base

49
Q

What are the different types of nitrogenous base categories?

A

Purines - 2 rings structure
Pyrimidine - 1 ring structure

50
Q

Name different types of purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

51
Q

Name different types of pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

52
Q

What kind of bond makes up the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids?

A

phosphodiester bonds

53
Q

What other bonds are found on a DNA molecule?

A

Covalent bond between the nucleotides
Hydrogen bonds between strands

54
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

same structure as RNA nucleotide, but with three phosphate groups

55
Q

How is ATP creation/release formula written out?

A

micr 262 (30 decks)

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